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An 

Outline of Recent 

European History 

1815 - 1921 



PERKINS 




An Outline of Recent European 
History, 1815-1921 



By CLARENCE PERKINS, Ph. D. 

Professor of European History at the 
University of North Dakota 



THE COLLEGE BOOK COMPANY 

COLUMBUS, OHIO 

March, 1921 






COPYRIGHT, 1921 

By CLARENCE PERKINS 



PUBLISHED MARCH 1921 



/!PR 22 1921 
0)C!.A61419.3 



A\0 I 




PREFACE 

This outline with the accompanying references is a revision and 
enlargement of previous editions of "An Outline of Recent European His- 
tory"- prepared in 1916 and 1918 for the use of students at the Ohio State 
University. Like its predecessors it contains much fuller references to 
the period since 1870 than the earlier years. Hazen, Europe Since ./cS'/^, 
Schapiro, Modern and Contemporary European History, and the second 
volume of Hayes, Political and Social History of Modern Europe have 
been followed in preparing the outline ; and references to all these excel- 
lent books have been appended to most of the topics. Students should 
read one or more of these and at least one of the "Additional References" 
under each special topic. 

The purpose of the outline is not to provide a brief summary of 
the facts, predigested mental pabulum, as it were ; but to provide a scheme 
of organization, to suggest to the student what he is to look for as he 
reads, and to teach him to distinguish between essentials and non-essen- 
tials. Hence the facts are not usually stated, but the student is left to 
work them out from his reference readings. 

Though the outline and references have been prepared primarily for 
use in the writer's own classes, it is hoped that they may be useful to 
other instructors who are using the admirable books on which the out- 
line is based. 

CLARENCE PERKINS, 

University of North Dakota, 

February 15, 1921. Grand Forks, N. D. 



TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE REFERENCES 



Amer. Hist. Rev. = American Historical Review. 

Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev. ^= American Political Science Review^. 

Annals = Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social 

Science. 
Atlantic = Atlantic Monthly. 
Balkan Rev. —- Balkan Review. 
Contemporary = Contemporary Review. 
Cur. Hist. =: Current History (published by the New York Times 

Company). 
Fortnightly = Fortnightly Review. 
No. Amer. Rev. =: North American Review. 
Pol. Sci. Quart. = Political Science Quarterly. 



THE ERA OF REACTION IN EUROPE — THE "METTERNICH 
ERA", 1814-1830. 

1. The reorganization of Europe — the work of the Congress of 

Vienna. 

A. The Treaty of Paris, 1814. Its provisions and importance. 

B. The Congress of Vienna. 

a. Character of the congress. How Talleyrand secured 

the recognition of France as a great power. 

b. Difficulty of its problems. The principle on which 

its settlements were based. 

c. The territorial settlements. Chief acquisitions of 

each power. 

d. Disunion perpetuated in Germany and lta\y. 

e. Criticisms of the work of the congress. 

C. How the settlements of 1814 and 1815 were to be main- 

tained. 
a. Difficulties, b. The machinery adopted, c. The 
dominant personality behind this — Metternich, his 
aims, ability, and historical importance. 

2. The reaction in Austria and Germany 1815-1830. 

A. The Austrian Empire, its strength and weakness. 

B. The German Confederation. 

a. The states included — why ? 

b. Central government — elements of strength and weak- 

ness. Why adopted. 

c. Forms of government in the separate states of Ger- 

many. 

C. The movement of _ opposition to reaction in Germany and 

its effects. 

a. Causes and nature of the agitation. 

b. Results — the Carlsbad Decrees. The methods and 

work of Metternich's German tools. 

3. Reaction and revolution in Spain and Italy. 

A. Causes of discontent in Spain and Portugal. 

B. Causes of discontent in Italy. 

a. Italy awakens in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic 

Period. 

b. Political settlement of Italy by the Congress of 

Vienna. The ten Italian states. Eflfects. 

c. Political, economic, and social policies of the restored 

rulers. 

d. The work of the Carbonari. 



C. The revolutions of 1820 in Spain, Portugal, and Naples. 

a. How they were suppressed. 

b. The "Monroe Doctrine" blocks the plans of the Holy 

Alliance. 

5. France during the Restoration Period, 1815-1830. 

A. The Constitutional Charter of 1814 and the permanent 

results of the French Revolution to France. 

B. France under the rule of the Moderates, 1815-1820. 

a. Character and aims of Louis XVHI. 

b. Difficulties of his position — party strife. 

c. Measures of moderate liberalism passed by the Riche- 

lieu and Decazes ministries. 

C. Victory of the Ultras and the causes of the Revolution 

of 1830. 

a. Causes of the Ultra victory. 

b. Reactionary legislation of the Ultras, 1820-1824. 

c. Main policies of Charles X and the Ultras. Causes 

which brought about the revolution in July, 1830. 

6. The Revolutions of 1830. 

A. Events and results of the July Revolution in France. Why 

the Central Powers under Metternich did not intervene 
and overthrow Louis Philippe. 

B. The Belgian Revolution of 1830. 

a. Causes, b. How the Belgians secured the recogni- 
tion of their independence by the powers. 

C. The Polish Revolt of 1830 and its results. 

D. Revolutions in Italy and in Germany. 

References : — 

Hazen, Europe Since 1815, pp. 1-113; Schapiro, Modern and Con- 
temporary European History, 1-24, 89-97, 115-126; Hayes, Politi- 
cal and Social History of Modern Europe, II, 1-57. 

II. THE AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS. 
BEGINNINGS OF REFORM IN GREAT BRITAIN TO 1866. 

1. The agricultural revolution in England. 

A. Survivals of the manorial system. 

B. How methods of farming were changed. 

C. Efifects. Connection with the industrial revolution. 

2. The Industrial Revolution. 

A. Its importance. How it was diflferent from such a political 

and economic revolution as the French Revolution. 

B. Conditions in agriculture and industry which preceded the 

industrial revolution. 

C. The great inventions which changed industry. 

a. New textile machinery. 

b. New motive power. The steam engine. 

c. Changes in the iron industry. 

6 



d. Improvements in transportation. Canals, railroads, 

and steamships. 

e. The continuation of such changes up to now. 
D. The effects of the industrial revolution. 

a. Economic effects. 

(1) Expansion of industry and commerce. Foun- 
dation of England's supremacy. 

(2) Growth of the world's population, and of the 
cities. 

(3) Enormous increase of wealth. 

b. Rise of Capitalism and the Factory System. 

c. Degradation and oppression of the laborers. Evils of 

child labor. 

d. The beginnings of socialism as opposed to excessive 

economic individualism, 
f. Immediate effects of the industrial revolution upon 
politics. 

(1) In England. (2) In France. (3) In the 
German states. 
References : — 

Ogg, Economic Development of Modern Europe, 117-155; Cambridge 
Modern History, vol. X, ch. 23 ; Hayes, Political and Social His- 
tory of Modern Europe, II, 67-97 ; Schapiro, Modern and Con- 
temporary European History, 28-44 ; Robinson and Beard 
Development of Modem Europe, II chapter 18. 
3. Great Britain under the rule of the old Tories, 1815-1830. 

A. Apparent prosperity of England in 1815. Reasons for this. 

a. The industrial revolution and its effects. 

b. Advantages derived from the Revolutionary and 

Napoleonic Wars. 

c. The renown of parliament. 

B. The real situation — England still a land of the "Old 

Regime." 

a. Power and influence of the nobility. 

b. Inadequacy of the representative system. 

c. The predominance of the Established Church. Why 

burdensome? 

d. The true interests of the mass of the people almost 

wholly neglected. 

e. Efforts to reform these conditions before 1815. 

Leaders of the movement? Why ineffectual? 

C. The beginnings of the reform movement that was to make 

England a democratic country in the nineteenth century. 

a. Especial causes of the unusual distress and wretched- 

ness among the masses, 1815-1820. 

b. The resulting popular disturbances and the policy of 

the old Tory government in dealing with them. 

7 



c. The new Tories begin the work of reform. Policies 
of Canning, Peel, and Huskisson. 

(1) Canning's new foreign policy. Importance of 
this in connection with the "Monroe Doc- 
trine." 

(2) Economic reforms. 

(3) Abolition of religious disabilities against Dis- 
senters and Catholics. 

(4) Refusal of the Tories to take up the ques- 
tion of parliamentary reform. 

Political and social reforms in Great Britain, 1830-18(j6. 

A. Reform work of the Whig ministries, 1830-1841. 

a. The great Parliamentary Reform Act of 1832. 

(1) The struggle for its passage. 

(2) Its substance and its effects. 

b. Other reform legislation. Us necessity and signifi- 

cance. 

(1) Abolition of slavery, 1833. 

(2) The Factory Act of 1833. 

(3) The Poor Law of 1834. 

(4) The Municipal Corporations Reform Act, 
1835. 

(5) Postal reforms. 

B. Reform movements of the next decades. 

a. The repeal of the Corn Laws and the establishnient 

of free trade. 

(1) Why it was demanded. 

(2) Immediate causes and events. 

(3) Removal of the remaining protective duties, 
1849-1867. 

(4) Effects on political parties. Party changes, 
1846-1865. 

b. The Chartist Movement. 

(1) Aims. (2) Extent of success. (8) Its 
meaning and importance. 

c. Other reform legislation of the period. 

(1) Factory Acts of 1842, 1644. 1847, and 1850. 

(2) Admission of Jews to the House of Com- 
mons, 1858. 

(3) Postal Savings Banks etablished, 1861. 

(4) Post Office insurance policies issued, 1864. 

C. Industrial progress of the period. Reasons. Effects. 

D. Religious movements of the time. 

a. The Oxford Movement. 

b. The Christian Socialists. 

E. Romantic and Early Victorian Literature. 

a. Characteristics of English Romanticism. 

b. Great writers of the Romantic Period. 

8 



c. Characteristics of the Victorian Age. 

d. Leading writers of the time. 

References : — 

Schapiro, Modern and Contemporary European History, 45-88; 
Hazen, Europe since 1815, 406-462; and Hayes, Political and 
Social History of Modern Europe, II, 102-116. 

III. THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848. 

1. The Revolution in France. 

A. Growth of democracy in France under King Louis Philippe. 

a. Results of the July Revolution. 

b. Development of political parties and their principles, 

c. The Romantic movement in French literature. 

d. Causes leading to the revolt of 1848. 

(1) Political methods and conservatism of the 
king and Guizot. 

(2) Growth of radicalism. Causes. Leaders. 

(3) The Neo-Catholic movement. 

(4) Weak foreign policy. 

(5) Fusion of the opposition parties. 

B. Establishment of the Second French Republic. 

a. Beginnings of the revolution. 

b. The provisional government, difficulties and work. 

C. Causes and events leading to the downfall of the republic. 

a. Parts of the Socialist program adopted. 

(1) The Labor Commission. Influence and effects. 

(2) The National Workshops. 

b. Socialist defeat in the elections, April 23, 1848. The 

great insurrection suppressed only by a military 
dictator. Compare with events of the first republic. 

c. The republic loses the support of the business men 

and the peasantry. 

d. Main provisions of the constitution. Its defects. 

Why such mistakes? 

e. Louis Napoleon elected president. 

f. Anti-republican measures of the president and the 

assembly, 1849-1850. 

g. Refusal to revise the constitution. 

D. Coup d'etat of Dec. 2, 1851. Establishment of the Second 

Empire, Dec. 2. 1852. Lasting results of the Revolu- 
tion of 1848 in France. 

References : — 

Hazen, Europe since 1815, 114-144, 187-206; Schapiro, Modern and 
Contemporary European History, 97-114; Dickinson, Revolution 
and Reaction in Modern France, 107-220; Berry, France since 
Waterloo, 70-196. 

9 



2. Causes of Revolution in Central Europe, 1830-1848. 

A. Progress in Prussia during the period. 

a. Economic progress. 

(1) Difficulties of unifying Prussia. (2) Re- 
vision of the taxation system. (3) Growth 
of the Zollverein and its effects. 

b. Intellectual progress in Prussia and Germany as a 

whole. 

(1) In philosophy. (2) In history. (3) In 
literature. 

c. Steps toward constitutional government. Summons 

of the United Landtag. Its powers. Popular dis- 
satisfaction with it. The situation in 1848. 

B. Causes of the revolution in the Austrian Empire. 

a. Gradual infiltration of liberal ideas. 

b. The industrial revolution and its eflfects in Austria. 

c. The national movements. 

(1) In Bohemia. 

(2) In Hungary. 

(a) Political, social, and economic condi- 
tions. 

(b) Agitation of Szechenyi and Kossuth. 

(c) The demands of Deak and the Hun- 
garian reformers in 1847. 

C. Progress in Italy, 1830-1848. The "Risorgimento." 
^ a. The writers who did so much to produce it. 

(1) Mazzini, his life and work. The Society of 
Young Italy. (2) Gioberti and his plans. 
(3) D'Azeglio. (4) Balbo. 

b. Beginnings of reform. 

(1) Work of the new pope, Pius IX. 

(2) Reforms of the princes in Tuscany and Pied- 
mont. 

c. The outbreak of revolution in Austria seems to guar- 

antee the success of a series of revolutions in Italy. 

3. Early revolutionary successes in Central Europe, March-June, 

1848. 

A. Revolution in Austria and Hungary. Immediate results 

in Hungary, Bohemia, and the German-speaking prov- 
inces. 

B. Revolution in the Italian states. Results. 

C. Revolution in Prussia and the German states. Summons 

of the Frankfort Parliament. 

4. The suppression of the Central European revolutions. 

A. Causes. 

a. Elements of weakness in the Liberals. 

b. Sources of Austrian strength. 

10 



(1) The army remains loyal. (2) Racial divi- 
sions among the Liberals. (3) Agrarian 
reforms of the Austrian Reichsrath. Com- 
pare the government's policy with that of 
Louis XVI in 1789 and 1790. 
B. How they were put down. 

a. Military victories in Bohemia and Italy. Why won? 

Results ? 

b. How the Austrians won back Hungary. 

(1) How Hungarian power was undermined. 

(2) War between Austria and Hungary, 1849. 

c. Conquest of Italy completed. 

(1) Second defeat of King Charles Albert. 

(2) Overthrow of the city republics. 

(3) Net results of the revolutions in Italy. 
5. The Frankfort Parliament fails to unite Germany. 

A. Composition and powers of the Frankfort Parliament. 

B. Establishment of a provisional German imperial govern- 

ment. 

C. Three great problems confronting the assemblage and how 

they were met. 

D. Results. Why the Frankfort Parliament failed. Influence 

of this on German liberalism of later years. 

E. Attempt of the Prussian king to form a lesser German 

union. How Austria ruined this plan. 
G. Results of the revolutions in Central Europe. Two constitutional 
states emerge. Character of their constitutions. 

References : — 

Hazen, Europe since 1815, 145-186 ; Schapiro, Modern and Contem- 
porary European History, 115-144, 195-207. 

Additional References : — 

Joseph Mazzini and his work. 

B. King, Joseph Alassini; J. A. R. Marriot, Makers of Modern 
Italy; R. S. Holland, Builders of United Italy. 
The Risorgimento. 

W. R. Thayer, The Daivn of Italian Independence, I, 379-453; 
II, 1-76. 

IV. THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY. 

2. Preparations for the unification of Italy. 
A. The materials available in 1850. 

a. King Victor Emmanuel II. His character and ability. 

b. Count Camillo di Cavour. His character and ability. 

His career previous to 1850. 

c. The kingdom of Sardinia and its people. 

(1) The Constitutional Charter of 1849. The 
system of government. 

11 



(2) The character, wealth, and population of the 
four different geographical parts into which 
the kingdom was divided. 
B. Cavour's policies of preparation. 

a. Military and naval development. 

b. Economic development. Arguments for and against 

Cavour's policy. 

c. Political parties and Cavour's management of them. 

d. The struggle with the Church. 

(1) Causes. Why inevitable? 

(2) The passage of the bill for the regulation of 
the monasteries. 

(a) Terms of the bill. 

(b) Arguments pro and con. 

(c) The ministerial crisis. Why? Results? 

(d) The settlement. 

(3) Results of the struggle. Other anti-clerical 
legislation passed before and after. 

e. Participation in the Crimean War. 

(1) Objects. What excuse did Sardinia have for 
fighting Russia? 

(2) Arguments against participation. What se- 
curity had Cavour for the attainment of the 
objects for which he entered the war? 

(3) What Cavour gained at the Congress of 
Paris, 1856. 

The struggle for Italian unity. 

A. Cavour's negotiations with Napoleon III. The agreement 

of Plombieres. Why Napoleon was willing to engage 
in this conspiracy. 

B. How Cavour brought on the Austro-Sardinian War of 1859. 

a. Dangers of the Plombieres agreement. How Cavour 

lessened them. 

b. Cavour's policy toward Austria. The speech from 

the throne at Turin early in 1859. 

c. Austria and Sardinia mobilize for war. 

d. Russia proposes a European Congress to settle Italian 

affairs. Reasons? Attitude of Napoleon III? 
Why? Effects on Cavour? 

e. Cavour consents to the English proposition for a con- 

gress. Danger of this to Cavour's plans. 

f. How Cavour was saved from these dangers. Euro- 

pean opinion of the situation. 

C. The Austro-Sardinian War. 

a. The Austrians lose their advantage at the beginning 

of the war. 

b. The battles of Magenta and Solferino, June 4 and 14, 

1859. 

12 



c. Effects of these victories. 

d. The preliminaries of peace made at Villafranca, July 

11, by Napoleon and Francis Joseph. 

(1) Provisions. Effect on Cavour's plans. 

(2) Why Napoleon deserted his ally. 

(3) Why Francis Joseph was willing to make 
peace. 

(4) Cavour resigns his office in despair. 

D. Italy works out the union alone. Tuscany, Modena, Parma, 
and the Romagna annexed to Piedmont. 

a. Cavour, as a private citizen, instigates the establish- 

ment of independent governments in the Central 
Italian States. 

b. Another European Congress proposed. Attitude of 

Napoleon and of England. Objects of those 
powers. 

c. Cavour signs the treaty ceding Savoy and Nice, 

.March 24, 1860. 

(1) Objections to this policy. Dangers of the 
situation. 

(2) Was it necessary to give up these provinces? 

(3) Why Cavour did it with apparent willingness. 

d. The annexations in Northern Italy. Plebiscites al- 

most unanimous for the change (March 11-12, 
1860). Later plebiscites in Savoy and Nice like- 
wise favor the annexation to France. Why? 
E. The annexations in the South. 

a. Garibaldi and the Sicilian expedition. 

(1) Previous career and character of Garibaldi. 

(2) Objects of the expedition. 

(8) Cavour's attitude toward the project. Why? 

(4) Brilliant success of the expedition. 

(5) Why Napoleon did not keep Garibaldi from 
crossing over to the Neapolitan mainland. 

b. Piedmont intervenes. 

(1) Reasons for the intervention. 

(2) Victor Emmanuel's armies take possession of 
Umbria and the Marches. 

(3) Position of Garibaldi. How he was induced 
to give it up. 

(4) The Italian Parliament and the people of the 
Mainland and Sicily vote for annexation. 

(5) The Kingdom of Naples falls and the Italian 
Kingdom is proclaimed. 

F. The Kingdom still incomplete. How Venetia and Rome 
were added. 

13 



References : ■ — 

Hazen, Europe since 1815, pp. 215-239; Hayes, Political and Social 
History of Modern Europe, II, 149-175; A. D. White, Seven 
Great Statesmen, 344-388 ; Schapiro, Modern and Contemporary 
European History, 207-219. 

Additional References : — 

Thayer, Life and Times of Cavour, is the standard work on this 
topic. Spencer Walpole, History of Twenty-five Years, I, 206- 
308 is a good account from the English point of view. Countess 
Martinengo Cesaresco, Cavour, pp. 55-220; Cesaresco, The Liber- 
ation of Italy; and King, Italian Unity, I, 385-416, II, 1-181 are 
especially recommended for students' reading. Trevelyan has 
written some very interesting books about Garibaldi's exploits, 
e. g., Garibaldi and the Thousand, Garibaldi and the Making of 
Italy, and Garibaldi's Defense of the Roman Republic. 

V. THE SECOND NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE. 

1. The apparently successful years of the Second Empire. 

A. Napoleon Ill's system of government, 1852-1860. 

a. The Legislative Body, its composition and powers. 

b. The Senate. 

c. The Council of State. 

d. The Emperor. 

B. The bases of Napoleon's rule. The policies by which he 

won, and planned to keep the throne. 

a. How he won the Clericals. 

b. Napoleon's alliance with "Big Business." Government 

aids to prosperity. 

(1) Railroad building. 

(2) Improvements in navigation facilities. 

(3) Free trade policy and its effects. 

(4) "Le Credit Foncier et le Credit Mobilier." 

c. How he won the manual laboring classes. 

(1) Labor legislation during the Second Empire. 

(2) Wages and the cost of living. Government 
aid to provide the "full dinner pail." 

d. The new French imperialism. How an aggressive 

colonial policy pleased both the Clericals and the 
bourgeoisie, 

e. Objects of Napoleon's foreign policy. The Crimean 

War and its results. 

2. Causes which weakened Napoleon's hold on France and led to 

the decline of his empire. 

A. Disastrous effects of the Italian War. 

B. The Reciprocity Treaty with England. 

C. The imperial policy becomes more liberal. Increase of the 

powers of Parliament. 

14 



D. His attitude toward the Polish Revolution of 1863. 

E. The Mexican Expedition. 

a. Causes. Napoleon's purposes, b. Events, 
c. Disastrous outcome of this adventure. Effects on 
Napoleon's foreign policy. 

F. Establishment of liberal institutions at home. Reasons for 

the adoption of this policy. 

a. Right of interpellation granted. 

b. Emergence of Gambetta. His views. 

c. Rise of the Third Party. 

d. The Senatus Consultum of April 20, 1870. The new 

constitution ratified by a plebiscite, May, 1870. 

3. French literature during the Second Empire. 

A. Writers of criticism; literary, philosophic, and religious. 

B. Decline of Romanticism and the rise of Realism in fiction. 

References : — 

Schapiro, Modern and Contemporary European History, 145-168 ; 
Hazen, Europe since 1815, 206-214, 272-284; Berry, France since 
Waterloo, 197-248 ; Dickinson, Revolution and Reaction in 
Modern France, 221-250 ; Cambridge Modern History, XI, 286- 
308, 467-506. 

VI. PRUSSIA AND GERMANY, 1849-1870. BISMARCK AND THE 
UNIFICATION OF GERMANY. 

1. The reaction in Prussia and Germany after the Revolutions of 

1848. 

A. Prussia a constitutional but not a parliamentary state. In- 

dividual freedom greatly infringed. 

B. Methods of the reactionary governments. 

2. Preparation for the unification of Germany under Prussian 

leadership. 

A. The Zollverein and its unifying influences. 

B. Economic transformation of the country. 

a. Rapid growth of industrialism after 1850. Effects. 

b. Rise of a wealthy middle class. Its progressive in- 

fluence. 

C. Marked change in the character of German intellectual 

activity. The patriotic historians and their influence. 

D. Influence of events in Italy on German opinion. 

E. The reform of the Prussian army and the struggle between 

Crown and Parliament. 

a. Character, aims, and previous careers of the two great 

leaders of German unity. 

(1) King William I. (2) Otto von Bismarck- 
Schonhausen. 

b. Defects of the Prussian military system. How the 

need for reform was clearly shown. Proposals of 
the Prince Regent and his military advisers. 

16 



c. The attitude of the majority in the Abgeordnetenhaus 

toward military reform. Why? Extent to which 
the Fortschrittspartei was supported by the Prus- 
sian people. Was this Progressive Party right in 
its policy? (Compare this struggle between Crown 
and Parliament with that between Charles I and 
the English Parliament.) 

d. Bismarck becomes chief minister of Prussia, Sep- 

tember, 1862. 

(1) Purpose of the king in appointing him. Dif- 
ficulty of his position. 

(2) His constitutional views. How he dealt with 
the majority in the Lower House. 

F. How the foreign policy of Prussia paved the way for the 
three wars of unification. 

a. Prussian policy in the Crimean War and the Austro- 

Sardinian War. 

b. Objects of Bismarck's foreign policy, 1862-1866. 

c. Relations with Russia. 

d. Influence of the Polish Revolt of 1863. How it com- 

plicated the situation. How Bismarck turned it 
to his own advantage. 

e. Relations with France. 
1 he struggle with Austria. 

A. The war for Schleswig-Holstein, 1861. 

a. Causes and events leading to the dispute. The Lon- 

don Protocol of 1852. 

b. The Danish constitution of 1863. 

c. The policy demanded by German opinion. Why Bis- 

marck disliked this. 

d. Bismarck's plan to use the Schleswig-Holstein inci- 

dent for his own purposes. 

e. Austria and Prussia make war on Denmark. Why 

the powers allowed this. Result. 

B. How Bismarck used the Schleswig-Holstein affair to bring 

about war with Austria. 

a. The problem of disposing of the spoils. 

(1) German opinion. 

(2) Bismarck's plan. His treatment of the Duke 
of Augustenburg. 

b. The treaty of Gastein. Provisions and their effects 

on Austrian influence in Germany. Why Austria 
did not fight in 1865. Was there good cause? 

c. How Bismarck's diplomacy isolated Austria. 

(1) Negotiations and agreements with Napoleon 
TIT. Napoleon's plan. 

(2) Negotiations with Italy. The treaty of al- 
liance. 

16 



(3) Austrian diplomatic blunders. 

(4) Why the other powers remained neutral. 

d. Bismarck proposes a reform of the Confederation. 

e. Austria violates the Treaty of Gastein, June 1, 1866. 

How ? Why ? Results ? 

C. The Austro-Prussian War, June 16-July 26, 1866. 

a. Prospects. 

(1) The alignment of states. 

(2) Superiority of the Prussians. Pre-eminence 
of General von Moltke. 

b. The campaigns. 

(1) The conquest of North Germany. 

(2) The invasion of Bohemia. 

(3) The campaign in Italy. 

(4) Defeat of the South German states. 

c. Why the Prussians won. 

d. The diplomacy which ended the war. 

(1) The terms of peace offered to Austria. Why 
so lenient. 

(2) The negotiations with Napoleon. 

(a) His threats of intervention. Effects. 

(b) The treaty providing compensation for 
France which was prepared but not 
signed. 

(3) Bismarck's policy toward the other German 
states. 

(a) Those of the North, (b) Those of 
the South. Why? (c) The Tsar's objec- 
tions. How satisfied. 

D. Formation of the North German Confederation — the chief 

result of the war. 

a. Bismarck applies for and receives an act of indemnity 

for his unconstitutional acts of 1862-1866. Signifi- 
cance and results. 

b. The Constitution of the Confederation. 

(1) How it was made, 

(2) Its main features. The Bundesrath. The 
Reichstag. The dominance of Prussia. 

(3) Illiberal features. Why put in? 

. c. Alliance with the South German States, 
d. The institutions of the new federal state. 
The causes leading to the Franco-German war. 

A. Napoleon's blundering diplomacy (1865-1867) enrages the 

Germans, while it secures no real advantage for France 
and allows the establishment of another great military 
state directly adjoining France. 

B. Desire of Bismarck and the National Liberals for the com- 

pletion of German national unity. Why a cause of war? 

C. Activity of the Ultramontane Party. 

17 



D. Agitation of the "jingo" press and ministers who desired 

war (in both countries). 

E. Diplomatic jugglery by which the war was brought on. 

a. Candidacy of Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern, for 

the throne of Spain. Napoleon's attitude. Atti- 
tude of the Prince himself. Why the offer was 
finally accepted. 

b. Bismarck's plan for making this candidacy work to 

the disadvantage of Napoleon. How and why it 
failed. 

c. Napoleon demands and secures the withdrawal of the 

Prince of Hohenzollern as a candidate for the 
throne of Spain. Why? Significance? 

d. The foolish demand of the Duke of Grammont. The 

meeting at Ems. 

e. The Ems Telegram and its effects. 
3. The Franco-German War. 

A. The rapid campaign culminating in the surrender at Sedan, 

September 2, 1870. Reasons for the decisive German vic- 
tories. 

B. Why no peace or even an armistice was made in September. 

C. The second part of the war, September 2, 1870 — January 

28, 1871. 

a. Activity of the Government of National Defense. 

b. Fall of Strassburg and Metz. 

c. Siege of Paris. 

d. Armistice of Versailles, January 28, 1871. 

D. The Treaty of Frankfort, February 26, 1871. 

a. Authorization of France to make a treaty. 

b. The negotiations. Were the German demands ex- 

cessive? 

c. Terms of the treaty. 

E. Results of the war. 

a. The completion of German unity. 

(1) Coronation of William I as Emperor of Ger- 
many at Versailles, January 18, 1871. 

(2) Formation of the German Empire. Terms 
under which the South German States en- 
tered the union. Influence of Bismarck's 
success on German liberalism. 

b. The completion of Italian unity. End of the pope's 

temporal power. 

c. The Alsace-Lorraine Question. Desire for revenge 

makes France a bitter enemy of the New Germany. 

References : — 

Hazen, Europe since 1815, 240-302; Holt and Chilton, History of 
Europe 1862-IQ14, 60-170; Schapiro, Modern and Contemporary 

18 



European History, 169-194; Hayes, Political and Social History 
of Modern Europe, II, 175-206 ; A. D. White, Seven Great States- 
men, 391-469. 

Additional References : — 

C. Grant Robertson, Bismarck, 76-298; W. H. Dawson, The German 
Empire, 1S67-1914, vol. I, (91-127), 128-396; Headlam, Bismarck 
(Heroes of the Nations Series), pp. 162-376, Bismarck, His Re- 
flections and Reminiscences, II, chapters 19-23; Walpole, The 
History of Twenty-five Years, I, 391-449, II, 205-266, 441-506, III, 
13-26, 73-78. 
How the German General Stafif Dictated the terms of Peace, 1871. 
VV. H. Dawson, How Germany Makes Peace, in Nineteenth Cen- 
tury, vol. 83, 655-668. 

VII. SOCIAL FORCES IN RECENT EUROPEAN HISTORY. 

1. Influence of Middle Class Democracy. 

A. Triumph of the principles of the French Revolution; — ■ 

Nationalism, Constitutionalism, and Social Equality. 

B. Changed relations of other classes to the middle class. 

C. Chief characteristics of the bourgeois era, 1871-1914. 

2. Beginnings of the conflict between Democracy and Clericalism. 

A. Why such a conflict was likely to be less sharp in Prot- 

estant countries. 

B. Reasons why a conflict was likely in Catholic countries. 

a. Effects of the Revolution on the Church. 

(1) Special rights and privileges largely swept 
away. 

(2) The Napoleonic religious settlement. 

(3) Religious settlements in 1815. 

(a) In Spain, Portugal, and the Italian 
States. 

(b) In Austria and France. 

(c) In the German states. 

(4) The rise of Ultramontanism. How was this 
a result of the Revolution ? 

(5) Rise of a Liberal Catholic party. Its work 
and the attitude of the popes toward it. 

b. Effects of the Revolution of 1848. 

(1) The Church adopts the methods of demo- 
cratic political propaganda. 

(2) Growth of ecclesiastical influence, resulting 
in : — 

(a) Increased liberty of education — growth 
of Catholic schools. 

(b) Favorable concordats negotiated with 
several countries. 

(c) Extension of Catholic influence in Prot- 
estant countries. 

19 



(3) Pope Pius IX becomes the bulwark of con- 
servatism in Europe. 

c. Hostility of the Papacy to bourgeois democratic gov- 

ernments and ideals. The Encyclical "Quanta 
Cura" and the Syllabus of Errors, 1864, 

d. Growth of the papal absolute power over the Church. 

(1) Promulgation of the dogma of the Immacu- 
late Conception of the Virgin, 1854. 

(2) Promulgation of the dogma of Papal In- 
fallibility, 1871. 

(a) Why desired by the pope. 

(b) How consent was secured from the 
clergy. Procedure at the Vatican 
council. 

(c) Results. Attitude of the secular gov- 
ernments in countries where Catholics 
were numerous. 

e. The loss of the temporal power. 

(1) How brought about. 

(2) Attitude of the pope. 

(3) Effect of the loss. 

3. The new science of the nineteenth century. 

A. Modern emphasis on applied science. 

B. Discoveries in the realm of geology and their effects on 

modern ideas. 

C. Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species by Means of 

Natural Selection and Wallace's Contributions to the 
Theory of Natural Selection and their influence. 

D. Herbert Spencer and his Synthetic Philosophy. Thomas 

Huxley's works. 

E. Ernest Renan and the "Higher Criticism.'' 

F. The Atomic Theory. Important discoveries in the realms 

of chemistry, physics, and astronomy, e. g. in connec- 
tion with light, electricity, radio-activity, etc. 

G. The Cell Theory, and the very important series of dis- 

coveries in the biological sciences. Vaccination, anaes- 
thetics, bacteria, etc. 

4. Reactions of the new scientific discoveries upon Christianity. 

A. General opposition of the clergy of various churches to 

such teachings as those of Darwin, and of Renan and 
the "Higher Critics." 

B. Many Protestants compromise between science and religion, 

with some exceptions such as the leaders of the "Ox- 
ford Movement." 

C. Reasons for acute conflict in Catholic countries between 

Clericalism and Anti-Qericalism. 

a. Tendency of the clergy to question the practical su- 
premacy of the secular governments. 

20 



b. Revival of Clericalism under the able leadership of 

Pope Leo XIII. 

(1) Catholic attitude toward Darwinism. 

(2) Catholicism and experimental science. Louis 

Pasteur and Gregor Mendel. 

(3) Political views of Leo XIII. 

(4) Leo XIII's attitude toward the workingmen. 

The encyclical "Rerum Novarum", 189L 

c. The Modernist Movement and the attitude of Pope 

Pius X toward it. 

(1) Apparent liberality of Pius's views when he 

became pope. His character. 

(2) What the Modernist Party want. Their 

methods of work. 

(3) Pius X's Encyclical against Modernism, 1907. 

Its substance and effects. 

(4) Present status of the movement. 
References : — 

Hayes, Political and Social History of Modern Europe, II, 211-252; 
Seignobos, Political History of Europe since 1814, 684-716; Rob- 
inson and Beard, Development of Modern Europe, II, 405-421 ; 
either The Outlook, September-December, 1907, pp. 564-565, 515- 
516, 148-149, 843-845; or The Independent, Nov. 1907, pp. 1323- 
1325, 764 fT. 

Further references to the Modernist controversy may be found in 
Hibbert Journal, January 1908, pp. 241-279, Nineteenth Century 
Dec. 1910, pp. 1087-1101 ; and Edin. Rev. vol. 205, pp. 78-106 and 
vol. 214, pp. 269-292. 

5. Rise and spread of trade unions. 

A. The beginnings of the movement in England, Methods of 

organization. What they worked for. Socialistic ten- 
dencies of the English unions in politics. 

B. Trade unions in France, Germany, and other countries. 

C. The cooperative movement led by the trade unionists. 

6. Karl Marx and modern Socialism. 

A. The beginnings of Socialism. Fourier, Babeuf, Robert 

Owen, and Louis Blanc. 

B. The career, teachings, and influence of Karl Marx. 

C. Criticisms of Socialism. Tamer varieties of socialism that 

have grown up. 

D. Organization of the "International." The work of Ferdi- 

nand Lasalle 

E. Growth of Socialism in Germany, France, England, and 

other countries. 

F. Division of the growing socialists into strict followers of 

Marx and "Revisionists." Chief differences of views 
between the two groups. 

21 



G. Attitude of the Socialists to the great war. Effects of 
the war on the Socialist movement. 

7. Anarchism and syndicalism. 

A. Origins of modern anarchism. 

B. Career and teachings of Proudhon. Differences between 

anarchism and socialism. 

C. Career and teachings of Mikhail Bakunin. Why workmen 

were little inclined to become anarchists. 

D. Rise of syndicalism, the most recent form of revolutionary 

anarchism. What the Syndicalists teach. Extent of 
their success. 

References : — 

Schapiro, Modern and Contemporary European History, 570-602; 
Hayes, Political and Social History of Modern Europe, II, 252- 
271 ; Robinson and Beard, Development of Modern Europe, II, 
382-405; MacDonald, The Socialist Movement, 195-242; Ogg, 
Economic Development of Modern Europe, 477-531, 417-473; 
Kirkup, History of Socialism, 22-57, 73-122, 130-167, 197-236, 265- 
305, 365-402. 

8. The Woman's Movement. 

A. Former position of women in society. 

B. Origins of feminism. 

C. The movement for woman suffrage. Work of the "Suf- 

fragettes" in England. 

D. Progress of women in the different countries of Europe. 

References : — 

Schapiro, Modern and Contemporary European History, 603-610. 

VIII. GROWTH OF DEMOCRACY IN GREAT BRITAIN SINCE 
1866. 

1. The period of rivalry between Gladstone and Disraeli. 

A. The Parliamentary Reform Act of 1867. 

a. Causes leading to its passage. 

b. Disraeli's conservative principles. Why his followers 

were willing to pass a reform bill. 

c. Its provisions and effects. 

B. The work of Gladstone's first ministry 1868-1874. 

a. Career of Gladstone up to 1868. His personality, 

character, and ideals. 

b. Grievances of Ireland which cried aloud for redress. 

History of these grievances since 1815. 

c. The Irish Church Act of 1869 and its effects. 

d. The first Irish Land Act. 1870. 

(1) Grievous need of reform in the land system. 

(2) Provisions of the bill. Arguments against it 

and in its support. 
(8) Effects. Why disappointing? 

22 



e. The Elementary Education Act, 1870. 

(1) The need of it. 

(2) Provisions of the bill. Settlement of the 

problem of religious instruction. 

(3) Criticisms of the act. 

f. Oxford and Cambridge opened to Catholics and Dis- 

senters, 1871. 

g. Army reforms and civil service reform, 
h. The Ballot Act of 1872. 

i. The Judicature Act, 1873. 

C. Causes leading to the defeat of Gladstone and his resigna- 

tion. 

a. Friends alienated by his measure. 

b. The Irish University Bill. 

c. Gladstone's foreign policy. 

D. Disraeli's ministry, 1874-1880. 

a. His character, personality, and ideals. 

b. The work of the ministry. 

(1) Purchase of the Suez Canal shares. 

(2) Queen Victoria crowned Empress of India. 

(3) The Near Eastern Question. 

(4) Wars in India. 

c. Causes of its fall. 

E. Gladstone's, second ministry, 1880-1885. 

a. The Irish Land Act of 1881. 

(1) Why needed. 

(2) Provisions and effects. 
• b. Coercion Acts for Ireland. 

c. Parliamentary Reform Act of 1884-1885. 

(1) Change in the suffrage qualifications. Ef- 

fects. 

(2) Redistribution of seats. 

d. Foreign complications which led to the fall of the 

ministry in 1885, especially the Egyptian question. 

F. Gladstone's Home Rule ministry, 1886. 

a. Origin and growth of the Home Rule movement. 

b. Why Gladstone adopted the Home Rule policy. 

c. The Home Rule Bill and the Land Purchase Bills. 

Provisions, and probable effects had the bills be- 
come law. 

d. The main arguments for and against the bills. 

e. Defeat of the bills and the breakup of the liberal 

Party. 
4. Imperialism and social reforms at home under conservative minis- 
ters, 1886-1905, (excepting only the Gladstone and Rose- 
bery ministry, 1892-1895). 

23 



A. The Salisbury ministry's Irish policy. 

a. Coercion. 

b. Land Purchase Act, 1891. 

B. Reform legislation. 

a. County Councils Act of 1888. 

b. Social legislation. 

C. Foreign policy of Lord Salisbury. 

a. Increase of the navy. 

b. The partition of Africa. 

D. Gladstone's Second Home Rule ministry, 1892-1894. 

a. The Second Home Rule Bill. 

(1) Provisions. 

(2) Criticisms of the bill. 

(3) Fate of the bill. 

b. The Parish Councils Act, 1894. 

c. The Rosebery ministry, 1894-1895. 

E. Reform legislation of the conservatives, 1895-1905. 

a. The Irish Local Government Act, 1898, and Irish Land 

Purchase Act, 1903. 

b. Education Bill of 1902. 

F. Salisbury's foreign policy. 

a. The Eastern Question and Egypt. 

b. Increase of the navy. 

c. The South African War. 

G. Causes of the fall of the Balfour Cabinet and the decisive 

defeat of the Conservative Party at the election of 1906. 
The social and political reforms carried through by the Liberal 
ministers since 1905. 

A. Workmen's Compensation Act 190'6. * 

B. Trade Disputes Act 1906. 

C. Education (Provision of Meals) Act 1906. 

D. The Small Holdings Act, 1907. 

E. Old Age Pensions Act, 1908. 

F. An Irish University established, 1906. 

G. Labor Exchanges Act, and the Trade Boards Act, 1909. 
H. The Lloyd-George Budget, — the Finance Act, 1 909-1910. 

a. Main provisions of Lloyd-George's plan. 

b. Reasons for making these fundamental changes in 

the taxation system of Great Britain. 

c. Arguments against it. Its rejection by the House of 

Lords. 

d. How the Budget was carried through parliament. 
I. The Parliament Act, 1911. 

a. \Miy the Liberals insisted on it. Reform proposals 

vetoed by the House of Lords since 1906. 

b. Provisions of the bill. Arguments for and against it. 

c. How it was forced through the House of Lords. 

d. Effects. 

24 



J. The National Insurance Act, 1911. Provisions and effects. 
K. The minimum wage for miners, 1912. 
L. Home Rule for Ireland. 

a. Why forced on the attention of the Liberal Cabhiet 

1912. 

b. Evidences of progress in Ireland since 1886. Effects 

of the land legislation. The Co-operative move- 
ment in Ireland. Was the need for Home Rule 
as great in 1912 as it was in 1886? 

c. Main provisions of the Home Rule Bill of 1912. 

d. Attitude of the Ulster Unionists. How this affected 

the international situation in 1914. 

e. Final passage of the bill in 1914. Postponement of 

the date of coming into effect. 
M. Disestablishment of the Church in Wales, 1912-1914. 

a. Reasons for the bill. Its provisions. 

b. Arguments against it. Its effects. 

N. The Representation of the People Act, 1918. 

6. Economic and social conditions in modern Britain. 

A. Population, and the means of feeding it. 

B. Industry and commerce. 

a. Early supremacy of British manufactures. Reasons. 

Effects. 

b. British industries since 1870. Growth of German 

competition. Why British exports did not grow as 
fast as those of Germany. 

c. The tariff reform movement and its prospects. 

d. Recovery of British industry and export trade dur- 

ing years just preceding the outbreak of the war. 
(See B. E. Schmitt, England and Germany, 96-115). 

C. National wealth. Foreign investments and their influence 

on Britain. 

D. Condition of the common people. 

a. Why so bad? 

b. Growth of socialism and syndicalism among them. 

The great strikes of 1911 and 1912. 

E. Land problems of modern England. 

a. The English land system, its origin and history. 

b. Decline of agriculture and its effects. 

c. Demands for reform. What has been accomplished? 

7. British literature of the later nineteenth century. 

8. Effects of the war on Great Britain. 

A. Political changes. 

a. The small War Cabinet. 

b. Lloyd-George supplants Asquith as prime minister. 

c. The Conservatives win the victory in the election of 

December 1918. Submergence of the old Liberal 
Party. 

25 



B. Economic and social changes. 

a. British public finance. Enormous increase of the 
national debt. Taxation required by the war. De- 
crease of British foreign investments. 

|j. Credit inflation and the rise in prices. Fluctuations 
of foreign exchange. 

c. Industrial dislocation. Government control of many 

industries. Shall this control be given up? 

d. Prosperity of the laborers who stayed at home. 

Conditions among them since the Armistice of 
November 11, 1918. 

e. Industrial unrest in Britain since the war. 

(1) Causes. 

(2) Formation of the Triple Alliance of Union- 

ism. Demands of the Miners' Federation. 
Arguments for and against nationaliza- 
tion of the coal mines. 

(3) Spread of socialistic views among British 

workingmen. 

f. Progress toward the democratization of industry in 

Britain. 

(1) Shop stewards. 

(2) The Whitley Councils. 

g. Rise of the Labor Party. Its demands and prospects. 
h. Agricultural changes. 

(1) Increased production during the war. 

(2) Awakening of the agricultural laborers. 

(3) Recent tendency of old land owners to sell 
out to new capitalists. 

j. Educational reforms. The Education Act of 1918. 
k. The new Old Age Pensions Act. 

C. The Irish Question. 

a. Irish opinions on the war. 

b. The Irish insurrection of April 1916. Effects. 

c. The Irish Convention, 1917. Its recommendations. 

Reasons for its failure. 

d. Rapid spread of the Sinn Fein movement. Reasons. 

Results. 

e. Sinn Feiners win in the election of 1918. 

f. Declaration of an Irish Republic. Agitation for in- 

dependence. 

g. Disorders amounting almost to open warfare in Ire- 

land, 1920. 

h. The Fourth Home Rule Bill, 1920. Why not satis- 
factory to the majority of Irishmen? 

i. Prospects of settlement. What would satisfy most 
Irishmen? Attitude of Ulster. Why Britain 
seems unlikely to permit full Irish independence. 

26 



D. Effects of the war on British naval supremacy. The 

future of sea power. 

E. Effects of the war on the British overseas possessions. 

a. The situation in India. 

(1) Causes of native discontent. ^ 

(2) Attitude of the governing classes. 

(3) The Government of India Act, December 

1919. 

(4) Effects of this legislation. 

b. The situation in Egypt. 

(1) Causes of discontent. 

(2) British promises of self-government to 

Egypt, 1920. 

c. British interests in the Near East, Arabia, and Meso- 

potamia. 

d. Colonial mandates given Britain by the treaties of 

peace, 1919. 

References : — 

.Schapiro, Modern and Contemporary European History, 324-398 ; 
Hazen, Europe since 1815, 460-517 ; or Hayes, Political and Social 
History of Modern Europe, II, 277-326. 

Additional References : — 

Biographies. Bryce, Studies in Contemporary Biography (Gladstone, 
Disraeli) ; Morley, Gladstone; Monypenny and Buckle, Benjamin 
Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield; Lee, Queen Victoria; Lee, King 
Edward VH ; Trevelyn, John Bright; Parnell, Charles Stuart 
Parnell; Holland, The Duke of Devonshire. 

Special Topics : — 

Social Reform and Labor Legislation of the Liberals, 1905-1913. 
Schapiro, Modern and Contmporary European History, 357-367; 
Hayes, British Social Politics, 20-130, 185-262 (make selec- 
tions) ; Gardiner, The Social Policy of the Asquith Govern- 
ment, in Contemporary, March 1912; Ogg, Economic De- 
velopment of Modern Europe, 601-622 ; Notestine, Mr. As- 
quith, in Pol. Sci. Quart., vol. 31 ; 361-379. 
The Old Age Pensions Act. 

Amcr. Pol. Sci. Rev., Feb. 1909; 8-73; E. M. Simon, The Nciv 
Old Age Pensions Act, in Fortnightly, vol. 107 (August 
1920), 560-567; Hayes, British Social Politics, 130-184, es- 
pecially 157-159, 140-14.3, 149-151, and 167-175. 
The Lloyd-George Budget. 

Paish, The British Budget and Social Reform, in Pol. Sci. Quart., 
vol. 25, 123-137; Hayes, British Social Politics, 344-420, es- 
pecially, 347-380, 406-420; Tucker. British Taxes on Land 
Values in Practice, in Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 
29, pages 810 ff. 

27 



The Parliament Act of 1911. 

Hayes, British Social Politics, 421-505; Holland, May's Constitu- 
tional History of England, HI, 843-384; Dennis. Impressions 
of Hritish Party Politics and The Parliament Bill of igii, in 
Amer. Pol. Set. Rev. vol. 5; 509-534; vol. 6, 194-215, 386-408; 
The Britannica Year Book 1913, pp. 483-498; Everett, The 
House of Lords in Atlantic, vol. 98; 790-796; Brooks, The 
House of Lords, in Atlantic, vol. 105; 128 ff. : No. Amer. 
Rev. vol. 191 ; 87-95. 

The National Insurance Act. 

Hayes, British Social Polities, 506-572; E. Porritt, The British 
National Insurance Act, in Pol. Sci. Quart., vol. 27; 260- 
280 ; No. Amer. Rev., vol. 195, 108-119 ; Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev., 
vol. VI, 228-234. 

The Democratic British Government. 

Parliamentary Elections. Electoral Reforms. 

Morrison-Bell, Redistribution before Home Rule, in Nineteenth 
Century, September 1912 ; Williams and Sharp, Proportional 
Representation, in Contemporary, (December 1912) ; vol. 102; 
824-838 ; Turner, The Woman's Suffrage Movement in Eng- 
land, in Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev. vol. 7; 588-609; Porritt, Bar- 
riers against British Democracy, in Pol. Sci. Quart., March 
1911. 

The Representation of the People Act, 1918. 

Dickinson, The Greatest Reform Act, in Contemporary, vol. 113; 
241-249; Marriott, The New Electorate and the New Legis- 
lature, in Fortnightly, vol. 103; 331-343 and Living Age, vol. 
10; 321-330; Ogg, in Amer Pol. Sci. Rev., vol. 12, 498-503. 

Government and Party Politics. 

Low, Government of England; Lowell, Government of England, 
I, 435-570, II, 1-128, 505-540; Wallace, The Government of 
England, 120-139, 208-223; Belloc and Chesterton, The Party 
System; Low, The Cabinet Revolution, in Fortnightly, Feb- 
ruary 1917. 

Economic Conditions. 

Schmitt, England and Germany, 96-115; Whelpley, The Trade of 
the World, 38-63; Collier, England and the English, chapter 
3 ; Masterman, The Condition of England; Hodges, Economic 
Conditions in 1815 and 1914; Bassett, British Commerce; 
Crammond, Imperial Defense and Finance, in Nineteenth 
Century, vol. 72 (August 1912), 221-247; and vol. 74. 924-943. 

The Tariff Reform Movement. 

Ogg, Economic Development of Modern Europe, 267-279; Cun- 
ningham, The Case against Free Trade; Todd, The Case 
Against Tariff Reform; Peel. The Tariff Reformers; Smith. 
Tariff Reform, in Fortnightly, August 1912; Barker, Great 

28 



.Britain's Poverty and its Causes, in Fortnightly, August 
1913; Chiozza Money, Tariff Reform, in Contemporary, 
March 1913 ; Brooks. The Anti-imperialism of the Imperial- 
ists, in Fortnightly, February 1913; Avebury, Study of Pref- 
erence, in Nineteenth Century, February 1913. 

Labor Unrest and the Rise of the Labor Party to 1914. 

Robertson, Narratives of the Coal Strikes, in Economic Journal, 
Sept. 1912 ; Marriott, Syndicalism and Socialism, in Nine- 
teenth Century, Nov. 1912 ; Orth, Socialism and Democracy 
in Europe, 207-231 ; Ogg. Economic Development of Modern 
Europe, 417-447 (Labor party). 

The Land Question in England. 

Ogg, Economic Development of Modern Europe, 158-184; Mar- 
riott, Evolution of the English Land System, in Fortnightly, 
(Sept., Oct., Dec. 1913) ; Roxby, Rural Depopulation in 
England, in Nineteenth Century, (Jan. 1912) ; The Two 
Land Campaigns, in Quart. Rev., Oct. 1913; The Coming 
Land Tyranny, in Edin. Rev., Jan. 1914 ; Position and Pros- 
pects of English Agriculture, in Edin. Rev., April 1914. 

Education in England. 

Holland, May's Constitutional History of England, 111, 30-40; 
Compton-Rickett, A New Crisis in Education, in Contempo- 
rary, vol. 103; 774-782; Frodsham, A Religious Education 
Difficulty, in Contemporary, vol. 104; 79-84; Montmorency, 
Education and the Future of England, in Edin. Rev., vol. 
218 ; 1-21 ; Montmorency, The English Universities and the 
National Life, in Edin. Rev., vol. 220; 196-214. 

The Education Act, 1918. 

London Times, Educational Supplement, August 8, 1918, pp. 334- 
336 (Full text of the law as enacted) ; Hopkinson, The 
Education Bill, in Contemporary, vol. 113 (February 1918), 
152-160 ; John Adams, The Present Educational Position 
(Efforts to nullify the Act of 1918), in Contemporary, vol. 
119, 193-199 (Feb.. 1921). 

British Land Laws in Ireland Since 1870. 

Smith-Gordon and Staples, Rural Reconstruction in Ireland (Yale 
Univ. Press, 1919), pp. 15-49. 

Improved Conditions in Ireland in Recent Years. 

Smith-Gordon and Staples, Rural Reconstruction in Ireland, 
50-290, especially 243-290 (on the co-operative movement) ; 
Dubois, Contemporary Ireland, 151-217; E. Barker, Ireland 
in the Last Fifty Years, 41-81 ; H. Plunkett, Ireland in the 
Nezv Century, pp. 175-210, 257-292; Sidney Brooks, in Fort- 
nightly, vol. 90, 826-840; Brooks, Sir Horace Plunkett and 
His Work, in Fortnightly, vol. 91, 1011-1021; Crammond, 
Ireland's Economic Dcvelopmoit, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 

29 



71, 849-852; Brooks, Sidney; The Nezv Ireland — a series of 
articles in No. Amer. Rev., vol. 187; 399-416, 559-568, 712- 
723. 916-924; vol. 188; 101-111, 262-272, 440-450, 761-770; vol. 
189; 115-126, 416-427; vol. 190; 524-534; vol. 191; 259-272. 

Home Rule for Ireland. The Bill of 1912. 

The Brifannica Yea?- Book, 1913, pp. 605-520; The International 
Year Books for 1913-1915; The London Weekly Times, 19 
April, 1912; 17 July 1914; Laprade, Present Status of the 
Home Rule Question in Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev., vol. 6, 524-545 
(November 1912). 

Criticisms of the Bill. 

Edin. Rev. and Quart. Rev., July 1912; No. Amer. Rev., vol. 195; 
788-802; Contemporary, vol. 101; 618-621, 111-1^1; vol. 102; 
777-789; Fortnightly, vol. 91; 380-395; 1022-1036. 

The Crisis of 1914. The Threatened Rebellion of Ulster. 

Quart. Rev., vol. 220; 266-290, 570-590; Sidney Brooks; The 
Problem of Ulster, in No. Amer. Rev., vol. 198; 617-629; 
Nineteenth Century, vol. 76; 1-12; Edin. Rev., vol. 219; 481- 
502 ; Reviezv of Reviews, Jan. -July, 1914. 

The Irish Insurrection of April, 1916. 

E. Barker, Ireland in the Last Fifty Years, 97-119 ; Edin. Rev.. 
vol.224; 114-136; Quart. Rev., vol. 226; 244-265; Fortnightly, 
vol. 99; 989-996; The Outlook, The Independent, The Lit- 
erary Digest, The Review of Reviews, New York Times 
Current History, etc., April- June, 1916. 

Work and Recommendations of the Irish Convention, 1917. 

Geiser, The Irish Convention, in Amer. Pol. Sei. Rev., vol. 12 
(May 1918), 292-296; Barker, Ireland in the Last Fifty 
Years, 129-141 ; Mrs. Green, The Irish Question and After, 
in Atlantic, vol. 120, 644-650. 

Attitude of the Irish People toward the War. 

Sijin Fein and Germany, in Quart. Rev., vol. 230, 214-235; Mac- 
Donagh, Sinn Fein and Labour in Ireland, in Contemporary, 
vol. 118 (April 1918), 424-433; Cox, Undertaxed Ireland, in 
Nineteenth Century, vol. 83 (June 1918), 1144-1156; Amery, 
Irish Demand for Fiscal Autonomy, in Nineteenth Century, 
vol. 83; 1157-1167; Spencer, Ireland and the War, in Con- 
temporary, vol. 110 (1916); 565-573; Law, Ireland in 1918, 
in Contemporary, vol. 113 (June 1918), 601-609. 

Political Effects of the War. 

R. L. Schuyler, The British Cabinet, 1916-1919 in Pol. Sci. Quart., 
vol. 35, 77-93; Ogg, The British Parliamentary Election 
(1918), in Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev., vol. 13, 108-115; Hopkinson, 
The General Election (of 1918), in Contemporary, vol. 115, 
181-138; Williams, The General Election, in Contemporary, 
vol. 115, 139-144 ; Wilkinson, The British Constitution and 

30 



the Co)iduct of the War, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 83, 26- 
46; Spender, The British Revolution (i. e. the small war 
cabinet), in Contemporary, vol. 117; 598-606; Schuyler, The 
British War Cabinet, in Pol. Set. Quart., vol. 33, 378-395. 

Work of Lloyd-George, 1916- 1&21. 

Favorable. 

Green, An Omnicompetent Prime Minister, in Nineteenth Cen- 
tury, vol. 88, 1-10; Sidebotham, Lloyd-George: An Apprecia- 
tion, in Atlantic, vol. 124, 691-701; Brooks, The Meaning of 
the Lloyd-George Ministry, in No. Atner. Rev., vol. 205 ; 
31-45. 

Unfavorable. 

Mallet, Liberalism and Mr. Lloyd-George, in Contemporary, vol. 
117, 774-782; Unpublished Correspondence of Mr. Asquith 
and Mr. Lloyd-George, in Atlantic, vol. 123, 145-156. 

Industrial Changes Produced by the War and Their Effects. 

Brooks, The New England, in No. Amer. Rev., vol. 202, 812- 
823 ; Shadwell, The Industrial Factor in the War, in Nine- 
teenth Century, vol. 78, 229-246; Harley, The Conscription 
of Industry, in Contemporary, vol. 109, 594-002 ; Shadwell, 
Mobilisation of Industry for War, in Edin. Rev., vol. 223, 
172-194; Underbill, The Food Problem, in Quart. Rev., 230 
(July 1918), 145-165; Webb, British Labour under War 
Pressue, in No. Amer. Rev., vol. 205; 874-885; Simon, 
Labour from an Employer's Point of View, in Contemporary, 
(May 1918), vol. 113; 551-558. 

Economic and Social Problems of Reconstruction. 

Crozier, Demobilisation in England, in Atlantic, vol. 123, 275-283; 
Rowntree, Prospects and Tasks of Social Reconstruction, in 
Contemporary, vol. 115, 1-9; Reform in the Liquor Trade, 
in Atlantic, vol. 123, 741-750; Tead, The British Recon- 
struction Programs, in Pol. Sci. Quart., vol. 33, (March 
1918), 56-76. 

British Public Finance. Prospects of British Recovery. 

Tucker, The British Finance Act of 1920; in Quarterly Journal 
of Economics, vol. 35, 167-170 ; Jennings, British Finance, in 
Fortnightly, vol. 109, 81-90; Marriott, National Finance, The 
Budget of 1920, in Fortnightly, June 1920; Barker, J. E., 
Britain's True Wealth and the Unimp,ortance of the War 
Debt, in Nineteenth Century, November 1918; Hobson, 
Britain's Public Finance, in Nation, vol. 109, 456-457; Mallock, 
War Expenditure of the United Kingdom, in Fortnightly, vol. 
98, 258-269; Crammond, British Finance during and after the 
War, in Quart. Rev., vol. 230, 190-213. 

31 



Trade Relations with the United States. 

Whelpley, Anglo-American Trade Relations, in Fortnightly, vol. 
105, 648-656. 

Industrial Unrest and Its Causes. Reforms Needed. 

Henderson, Industrial Unrest, in Contemporary, vol. 115, 361- 
368; Macassey, Discontent in Industry, in Bdin. Rev., vol. 
231, 393-408; Govenuiioit and IVayes, in Edinburgh Rev. 
231, 374-392; Labor I'olicy, in Fortnightly, vol. 106, 705-716; 
Firth, Labor and the State, in Fortnightly, vol. 106, 187-200; 
Masterman, Social Unrest in Great Britain, in Atlantic, vol. 
124, 255-266; On the Road to Ruin, in Fortnightly, vol. 106, 
321-333; Arthur Gleason, IV hat the Workers Want (Study 
of British labor organizations) (Harcourt, Brace & Howe, 
1920), reviewed in Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev., vol. 15, 129. 

Shall the British Coal Mines and Other Industries Be Nationalized? 
Report of the British Coal Commission (1919), in Nation, vol. 
109, 5-6; Wigglesworth, Should the Government Continue 
to Control Industry after the Wart in Contemporary, vol. 
115, 202-209; Hart, Coal Nationalisation in England, in Pol. 
Sci. Quart., vol. 35, 555-565; Selborne, Some Objections to 
Nationalisation, in Contemporary, vol. 117, 457-464; Marriott, 
Nationalisation^ in Nineteenth Century, vol. 87. 455-468; 
Hurd, British Labor and Bolshevism, in Fortnightly, vol. 
108, 211-225; The Policy of Industrial Suicide, in Fortnightly, 
vol. 106, 77-90; Wade Nationalisation in Australia, in Fort- 
nightly, vol. 106, 381-394 ; Tawney, British Coal Industry and 
the Question of Nationalisation; in Quar. Jour, of Economics 
(Nov. 1920), vol. 35, 61-107; J. E. Barker, Coal and Shipping 
— The American Danger, in Fortnightly, vol. 109, 255-266 
(Feb. 1921). 

Demands of Labor Party. 

Cole, British Labor Strategy, in Nation, vol. 109, 517-518; Green, 
Real Meaning of a Labor Government, in Nineteenth Cen- 
tury, vol. 87, 254-262 ; Hatch, The Uprising of Labor, in 
Nineteenth Century, vol. 87, 17-26 ; Seddon, A Sane Labor 
Progamme, in Nineteenth Century, April, 1920 ; Hearnshaw, 
The Labour Party at the Crossways, in Fortnightly, vol. 105, 
341-351 ; Humphrey, Changing Outlook of Trade Unionism, 
in Fortnightly, vol. 109, 51-61 ; Firth, Labour and Democracy 
Since the War, in Fortnightly, vol. 100, 204-216. 

Progress Toward the Democratization of Industry. 

Glendinning, The Whitley Councils, in Fortnightly, vol. 105, 
958-964 ; Greenwood, Development of British Industrial 
Thought, in Atlantic, vol. 124, 106-115; The. Permanent Set- 
tlement of the Labor Trouble, in Fortnightly, vol. 106, 490- 
501; Reynard, The Gild Socialist's, in Economic Journal, vol. 
30, 321-330. 

32 



Agricultural Changes. 

Green, The Awakening of Hodge, in Fortnightly, vol. 107, 793- 
801 ; Horvvill, An Agrarian Revolution, in Nation, vol. 109, 
84-85. 

The Irish Question in 1921. 

General Surveys. 

Canby, The Irish Mind, in Atlantic, vol. 123, :U-43 ; Plunkett, in 
Living Age, March 1, 1919; Ireland and England, in Pol. 
Set. Quart., vol. 34, 659-663; Marriott, The Heel of Achilles, 
in Nineteenth Century, vol. 87, 1100-1110; Monteagle, The 
Irish Problem, in Contemporary, vol. 118, 305-314; McGrath, 
The Sinn Fein Tragedy, in Fortnightly, vol. 105, 771-784 ; 
Longford, Ireland after Fifty Years, in Fortnightly, vol. 
106, 680-691 ; Oldham, Public Finances of Ireland, in Economic 
Journal, vol. 30, 61-76. 
Pro-Irish Discussion of the Irish Question (1921). 

O'Neill, The Sinn Fein Point of View, in Nczv Europe, vol. 17, 
34-40 ; Rolleston, The Irish Malady, in Nineteenth Century, 
vol. 88, 319-332; Childers, Ireland: The International Aspect, 
in New Europe, vol. 11, 180-184 ; Treguiz, How France 
Views the Irish Question, in New Europe, vol. 13, 207-210; 
O'Reilly, Ireland's Independence, in Current Hist., vol. 12, 
1046-1047 ; Map of the Dec. igiS Election in Ireland, in 
Nation, vol. 109, 679. 

Disorders in Ireland 1920-1921. 

Current' Hist., vol. 12, 418-426, 775-781 ; The Irish Crisis, in New 
Europe, vol. 17, 20-34 ; Harding, Ireland's Reign of Terror 
and Why, in Current Hist., vol. 12, 1039-1046; Republican 
Government in Ireland, in Living Age, May 22, 1920; Bryce, 
England's Real Attitude on Ireland, in Current Hist., vol. 12. 
939-943 ; MacCarthy, The Policy of Reprisals, in New Europe, 
vol. 17, 40-45. 

The Government's Bill for Irish Home Rule (1919-1920). 

Pfll. Sci. Quart., vol. 35, 95-96 ; Lloyd-George's Speech on the 
Bill, in Current Hist., vol. 11, 205-214; vol. 12, 187-205; Mar- 
riott, The Fourth Home Rule Bill, in Fortnightly, vol. 107, 
572-583; Hoare, The Chances of An Irish Settlement, in Nine- 
teenth Century, vol. 88, 607-620. 

Discontent in India and the Reforms Made December 1019. 

Stuart, Home Rule for India, in Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev., vol. 13, ,301- 
305; Government in India Act, in Pol. Sci. Quart., vol. 35, 
103-104 ; B. Houghton, Federation of India, in Pol. Sci. Quart. 
vol. 34, 226-236, and Reform in India, in Pol. Sci. Quart., vol. 
35, 545-554 ; Bevan, The Reforms in India, in New Europe, 
vol. 14, 49-53 ; Cotton, Constitution Making for India, a Great 
Achievement, in Contemporary, vol. 117, 63-70; Creagh. 

33 



Reflections on the Hunter Report, in Nineteenth Century, 
vol. 88, 48-53; Mitford, Cause and Effect in India, in Fort- 
nightly, vol. lOt), 129-138; Cotton, Parties and Fulicics in India, 
in Contemporary, vol. 119, 170-176; Rushbrook-Williams, The 
Nationalist Spirit of India, in Atlantic, vol. 127, 547-555. 

Discontent in Egypt and the Reforms Made. 

General Surveys of the Egyptian Situation. 

Bashford, Lord Milncr and His Mission, in Nineteenth Century, 
vol. S7, 377-386; Mcllwraith, British Protectorate of Egypt, 
in I'orlnightly, vol. 107, 375-383, and Three Egyptian Pro- 
consuls, in Fortnightly, vol. 105, 566-577; Chirol, The Egyp- 
tian Problem (MacMillan, 1920) ; Goodman, The Problem 
of Egypt, in Contemporary, vol. 117, 356-363; Gibbon, Great 
Britain in Egypt, in Century, May 1920. 

Reasons for British Difticulties. 

Robertson, The Problem of Egypt, in Contemporary, 1I5, 490-496. 

Independence Promised to Egypt. 

Current Hist., vol. 13, 21-25; Gore, The Egyptian Settlement, in 
New Europe, vol. 16, 174-179; The New Egypt, in New 
Europe, vol. 16, 41-45. 

British Policies in the East. 

CrO'zier, British Policy in the East, in Nation, vol. 109, 503-504; 
Text of Anglo-Permian Treaty of 19J9, in Nation, vol. 109, 
507-509; Gore, Great Britain, Mesopotamia, and the Arabs, 
in Nineteenth Century, vol. 88, 225-238. 

Effects of the War on British Shipping. 

Hurd, The Paralysis of Shipping, in Fortnightly, vol. 107, 584- 
597, and The World's Shipping, in Fortnightly, vol. 108, 584- 
597, and Peace and a Naval Holiday, in Fortnightly, vol. 105, 
879-893 ; Frothingham, Increased Strength of the United 
States on the Sea, in Current Hist., vol. 12, 943-953 (gives 
detailed comparisons v^ith the British Navy) ; Sidebotham, 
The Future of Sca-Pozver, in Atlantic, vol. 123, 843-851. 

IX. FRANCE UNDER THE THIRD REPUBLIC. 
1. The period of monarchist control, 1870-1879. 

A. The Bordeaux Assembly. Composition and the character 

of its government. 

B. 1'he Paris Commune of 1871. 

a. Causes. Aims and policies of the Communards. 

b. The struggle lietwecn the Commune and the National 

Assembly. 

c. Why the Commune failed. Results. 

C. The reconstruction of France. 

a. Difficulties 

b. The work of Thiers as parliamentary president. 

34 



D. Struggles between the Monarchists and the Republicans, 
1871-1879. 

a. Plans of the Monarchists. Why they did not set up 

a monarchical government. Attitude of Thiers. 

b. The Fundamental Laws of 1875. 

c. Political struggles under President MacMahon. 

(1) Policy of MacMahon. What classes sup- 

ported him? 

(2) The election of 1877. Issues, outcome, and 

results. 

(3) Resignation of MacMahon, 1879. Reasons. 

Significance. 
The republican institutions of modern France. 

A. The legislature. Senate and Chamber of Deputies. Com- 

position, how chosen, powers of each. 

B. The President. Method of election, term, powers. Con- 

trast with those of the President of the United States. 

C. The position and powers of the cabinet. Contrast the 

operation of the Cabinet System of Government in France 
with that of England. Reasons. 

D. Local government. 

Republican legislation, 1.S79-1886. Incidents in the history of 
modern France. 

A. Position of the president since 1879. 

B. Personality and character of Gambetta and Ferry. Their 

aims and work. 

a. Legislation increasing individual liberty and local 

self-government. 

b. Creation of a national educational system. 

c. Revision of the constitution, 1884. 

d. Colonial expansion. The existing colonial system 

and its expansion since 1871. Reasons for this. 
Results. 

C. The Boulanger Episode. 

a. Causes of general unrest. 

b. Character and aims of Bmilanger. His backing. 

c. Outcome. 

D. Panama scandals. 

E. The Dreyfus Affair. 

a. The events. 1894-1906. 

b. Significance. Why a vital question for so long. 

c. Its results. 

Recent problems in French politics. 
A. Party government in France. 

a. Multiplicity of parties. Frequency of ministerial 

changes, 
h. The variou.> fiartie'^. Iheir principles, and tlieif approx- 
imate strength. 

3.5 



c. Main features of party history since 1871. Impor- 

tance of the "Bloc" since 1898. 

d. Proportional representation. 

e. Criticisms of modern French politics and political 

leaders. Are conditions such as to indicate de- 
cadence or progress in France ? 

B. Separation of Church and State. 

a. Indirect causes. 

(1) Relations between Ciuu-ch and Slate. 1789- 

1870. 

(2) The Church fights the republic since 1870. 

Evidence. Policies of Pope Leo XIII. 

b. Immediate causes. 

(1) The Dreyfus Afifair and the formation of 

the "Bloc." 

(2) Growth and activity of the religious orders. 

(3) The Law of Associations, 1901, and its eflfects. 

(4) The Education Law of 1904. 

(5) Petty quarrels with the Pope. 

c. The Separation Law of 1905. 

(1) Provisions. 

(2) Attitude of French Catholics and of the 

pope. Why? 

(3) The law of January, 1907. 

d. Results of the separation of Church and State. 

(1) Position of the Church in France since the 

separation. 

(2) Attitude of the French people toward re- 

ligion. Influence of the war. 

(3) Extent to which clerical control over educa- 

tion has been eliminated. Primary and 
secondary education in France. Disputes 
over instruction in morals in the schools. 

C. The growth of socialism and industrial unrest. Socialistic 

legislation. 

a. Growth and activity of the "Syndicats" (labor 

unions) since 1884. 

b. The Confederation Generale du Travail (C. G. T.). 

(1) The organization and character. Its princi- 

ples and methods. Growth of "syndical- 
ism." Compare with the I. W. W. in the 
United States. 

(2) The great railway strike of 1910. Objects 

and methods. How defeated. 

(3) Anti-militaristic activities. 

c. Growth of the socialist political grnnps since 1870. 

Their leaders and principles. Tbcir present 
strength in the Chamber of Deputies. 

36 



d. Socialistic and reformatory legislation passed or pro- 

jected, especially: 

(1) Nationalization of railways. 

(2) Old Age Pensions. 

e. The future of socialism in France. 

5. Literature under the Third Republic. 

6. Ought the French people to be pessimistic about the future of 

France? Was France decadent before the war of 1&14? 

A. Reasons for pessimism, 1900-1910'. 

a. Failure of the population to increase. Causes and 

extent. Comparisons with other countries. 

b. Prevalence of alcoholism and crime. 

c. Functionarism and political "graft." 

d. Growth of atheism. 

e. Condition of the army and navy. 

B. Evidence of progress. 

a. True significance of a stationary population. 

b. Eonomic progress. 

(1) Agriculture. 

(2) ^ Industry and commerce. 

(3) Great increase in wealth. Its distribution. 

c. Social legislation. 

d. Eduational progress. 

e. Efforts to remedy the real evils. 

f. The new spirit in France in recent years (especially 

since 1911). 

7. Effects of the war on France. 

A. Political changes. Return of Clemenceau. The Electoral 

Reform Bill, 1919. Election of 1919. Defeat of the Uni- 
fied Socialists and the Disappearance of Radical Socialist 
Bloc. 

B. Diplomatic relations with Britain and the United States. 

C. Recovery of Alsace and Lorraine. 

D. Economic changes. 

a. Enormous debt of the government. How the war 

was financed. Present financial policies. 

b. Currency and credit inflation. Problems of foreign 

exchange. 

c. Damage done hy the German invaders. Prolilems of 

rebuilding the Northeast. 

d. Loss of man power. 

e. Recovery of French industry and agriculture. 

E. Revival of .French interest in religion. 

F. Military position of France. 



Rf.ferences 



ITazen, Europe Since 1815, 32S-.S7.5 ; Hayes, Modern Europe, II, 331- 
367; Schapiro, Mndcr}i and Crmfeniporary European History. 
220-276. 

87 



Additional References : — 

Berry, France Since Waterloo, 249-325; Cambridge Modern History 
XII, 91-133; Wright, History of the Third French Republic; 
Lawton, The Third French Republic; Hanotaux, Contemporary 
France (four volumes to 1882). 

Additional References : — 
Party Government. 

Ogg, Governments of Europe (revised edition, 1920), 381-427, 
442-447, 484-503; Garner, Administrative Reform in France, 
in Amer. Pol. Set. Rev., vol. 13, 17-46; George, France in the 
^ Tzventieth Century, 79-122; Garner, Cabinet Government in 
France, in Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev., vol. VIII, 353-374; Poin- 
care, Hotv France is Governed; Schapiro, The Drift in 
French Politics, in Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev., Angnsi 1913; Shot- 
well, The Political Capacity of the French, in Pol. Sci. 
Quart., vol. 24, pp. 115-126. 

Separation of Church and State. 

Bracq, France under the Third Republic, 212-332, 74-90; Galton, 
Church and State in France, 201-268 ; Guerlac, Church and 
State in France, in Pol. Sci. Quart., vol. 23, 259-296 ; Berry, 
France Since Waterloo, 326-368; George, France in the Twen- 
tieth Century, 123-151, 264-288. 

Arguments from the Catholic point of view : 

Nineteenth Century and After, vol. 61, 933-949; vol. 62, 142-155; 
Klein, Present Difficulties of tJie Church in France, in Atlan- 
tic Monthly, vol. 101, 512-523. 

Religious Belief of the French People. 

Bracq, France under the Republic, 174-189 ; Wendell, France of 
To-day 239-291; A. L. Lilley, The Religion of the French- 
man, in Contemporary Revieiv, vol. 102, 183-192 ; Guerard, 
French Civilization in the Nineteenth Century, 278-287; Saba- 
tier, France of To-day; Its Religious Orientation. 

The School Question in France. 

Bracq, France under the Republic, 74-90; 212-251 ; Guerard, French 
Civilization in the Nineteenth Century, 222-287, especially 239- 
287; George, France in the Tzvenficfh Century, 261-288. 

Economic Progress. 

Bracq, France under the Republic, 30-73; Ogg, Economic Develop- 
ment of Modern Europe, 244-248, 280-294 ; George, France in 
the Twentieth Century, 200-222, 243-263; Barker, France of 
the French, 217-230; Prospero, The Pleasant Land of France, 
25-92. 

Social Legislation and Progress. 

Bracq, France tinder the Republic, 136-173 ; Ogg, Social Progress 
in Contemporary Europe, 225-226, 240, 179-183 ; Rubinow, 
Compulsory Old Age Insurance in France, in Pol. Sci. Quart.. 

38 



vol. 26, 500-529; Perkins, The French Old Age Pensions Act 
of 1910, in Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev., vol. 4, 565-569; Nationaliza- 
tion and French Raihvays, in Contemporary, vol. 118, 101-112 ; 
Leroy-Beaulieu, Public Omnership in France, in North Amer. 
Rev., vol. 197, 295-311. 
Socialism and Industrial Unrest in France. 

Renaudel, The Socialist and Labor Movement in France (1920), 
in Contemporary, vol. 118, 347-354; Orth, Socialism and De- 
mocracy in Europe, 75-117; George, France in the Twentieth 
Century, 152-199 ; Guerard, French Civilization in the Nine- 
teenth Century, 2U5-218 ; Cambridge Modern History, XII, 
123-128; Dinnet, Syndicalism mid its Philosophy, in Atlantic, 
vol. Ill, 16-30; Levine, The Labor Movement in France. 

The C. G. T. and the Strikes of 1909-1910 and 1919-1920. 

Nineteenth Century, vol. 68; pp. 780-790; Atlantic, vol. 104, 251- 
254 ; Revue des Deux Mondes, vol. 60, 229-237, 469 £f. ; Con- 
temporary, vol. 98, 558-565 ; Pauphilet, The French Socialists, 
in New Europe, vol. 14, 97-101. 

Was France decadent in 1914? 
Pessimistic Views : • — 

No. Amer. Rev., vol. 191 ; pp. 168-184 ; Scheifley, Is France 
Dying, in No. Amer. Rev., vol. 210 (1919), 759-768; Contem- 
porary, vol. 99, (Jan. 1911, Literary Supplement, p. 14) ; 
Alcide Ebray, La France qui meurt; Faguet, The Cult of In- 
competence; Nineteenth Century, vol. 67, pp. 651-662. 

Optimistic Views : — 

See references under "School Question in France," "Eco- 
nomic Progress," "Social Legislation." 
Huddleston, The Future of France, in Fortnightly, vol. 108, 
(1919) 824-835; Bracq, France under the Republic, 190-211; 
George, High Birth Rates and Low Lives, in Fortnightly, 
vol. 107, 453-460; No. Amer. Rev., vol. 192; 645-656; vol. 195, 
343-355 ; Barker, France of the French, 6-25, 217-262 ; Brooks, 
France and the Republic, in Fortnightly, vol. 92, 504-516; 
George France in the Twentieth Century 243-263, 305-364; 
Eltzbacher, The Agricultural Prosperity of France, in Con- 
temporary, vol. 88, 729-751 ; Chatterton-Hall, The Reawaken- 
ing of France, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 74, 11-37; Dicey, 
The Strength and Weakness of the Third French Republic, 
in Nineteenth Century, (Aug. 1910), vol. 68, 205-218; Dell, 
The Spirit of France, in Contemporary, vol. 107, 19-28 ; Dim- 
net, France and Tier Future, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 76, 
13-50; Financial Power of France, in Contemporary, vol. 
105, pp. Ill ff. ; Galsworthy, France, 1916-1917; An Impres- 
sion, in Atlantic, vol. 120, 544-554; Milne, The Spirit of 
France, in Fortnightly, vol. 99, 699-708; Hildreth, How 
France Handles the Drink Problem, in Forum, November, 
1920. 

39 



Recent French Politics. 
The Elections of 1919. 

Stuart, Electoral Reform in t'rance and the Elections of 
1919, in Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev., vol. 14, 117-123; Farman, The 
French Election, in Contemporary, vol. 117, 71-78; Baines, 
TheFrench Election, in New Europe, vol. 13, 20U-2U4. 
French Political Parties (1920). 

Huddleston, French Politics To-day (July 1920), in Ne-w 
Europe, vol. Iti, 59-1)3; Buell, Political and Social Reconstruc- 
tion in France, in Amer. Pol. Sci. Rrv. (Feb., 1921), vol. 1-'), 
27-34; R. L. Buell, Contemporary Proich Politics (Appleton, 
1920) ; Reinach, Political Parties in France, in Nation, Dec. 
14, 1918; Pauphilet, The French Socialists, in New Europe, 
vol. 14, 97-101, and The Regrouping of French Parties, in 
New Europe, vol. 14, 177-180, 198-202; Pauphilet; French 
Opinion at the Turn of the Year (1920), in New Europe, vol. 
13, 387-393; Dell, My Second Country, reviewed in Nezv 
Europe, vol. 14, 263-264. 
Clemenceau. 

Dimnet, Clemenceau To-day and yestci-day, in Atlantic, vol. 
123, 243-254; Hyndman, Clonenceau. in Lii'ing Age, vol. 11, 
209-220. 

French Diplomatic Relations with Britain. 

Huddleston, French Politics and the Peril to the Entente, in 
Fortnightly^ vol. 108, 392-401; Pinon, Future of Franco- 
British Friendship, in New Europe, vol. 16, 4-10; Through 
Discord to a Nezv Entente, in New Europe, vol. 15, 242-247; 
Pauphilet, Incviable Discords and Indispensable Accord, in 
New Europe, vol. 16, 109-113, 128-132; Our Duty to France, 
in New Europe, vol. 15, 1-4 ; Bell, The New France, in Fort- 
nightly, vol. 109, 51-61. 

Devastated France and Its Recovery. 

Spender, Devastated France, in Contemporary, vol. 118, 153-161; 
Marie de Perrot, Rebirth of Northern France, in Contem- 
porary, vol. 117, 846-854 ; Gibbons, The Reconstruction of 
Northern France, in Fortnightly, vol. 106, 64-76. 

French Religious Revival. 

Moral Crisis in France, in Current Hist., vol. 12, 360-363; France 
and the Holy Sec, in Current Hist., vol. 12, 363-365; Bate- 
man, Claire Fcrchaud: D'Enfaul dcs Rinfillicres, in Fort- 
nightly, vol. 105, 462-475. 

Economic and Social Reconstruction of France. 

Buell, Political and Social Reconstruction i)i France, in Amer. 
Pol. Sci. Rev. (Feb., 1921), vol. 15, 34-51; Jeze, Economic 
and Financial Position of France in ig^o, in Quart. Jour, of 
Economics, vol. -35 (Feb., 1921), 175-214. 

Military Strength of France. 

Huddleston. in Current Hist., vol. 13, 373-.380. 

40 



French Diplomacy in East Central Europe since 1918. 

Huddleston, French Policy in Middle Europe, in New Europe, 
vol. 16, 220-226. 
The Caillaux Case, End of Defeatism in France. 

Gibbons, The Caillaux Case, in Century, Feb. 1920. 

THE SOUTH EUROPEAN STATES SINCE 1870. 

1. The Kingdom of Italy since 1870. 

A. Difficulties confronting the new kingdom. 

a. Differences between North and South. 

b. Lack of experience in self-government. 

c. Dense ignorance of the population. 

d. The question of the Papacy. 

e. Burden of debt, poverty of the country, and crush- 

ing weight of necessary taxation. 

B. Government and politics. 

a. The institutions of government. 

b. The main parties and their principles since 1870. 

c. Extent of progress made in the direction of true rep- 

resentative government. Extension of the suffrage. 

d. Present day politics (1921). Influence of Giolitti. 

C. Relations between the Pope and the Italian Kingdom. 

a. Independence of the Pope. The law of Papal Guar- 

antees. 

b. Attitude of the Pope toward the Kingdom. 

c. Present status of the Pope's temporal power. Re- 

vival of Vatican influence in Europe. 

D. Signs of progress in Italy. 

a. Economic and social progress. 

(1) Growth of industries and increase of wealth. 

German economic penetration. 

(2) Growth of population. 

(3) Surpluses in government treasury before 1915. 

(4) Economic effects of the war. 

b. Growth of education. 

c. Social reform measures. 

E. Growth of socialism and industrial unrest in Italy. 

a. Causes. Conditions among Italian laborers. Effects 

of the war. 

b. Recent strikes. Seizure of the metallurgical plants 

by syndicalist laborers (September 1920). Out- 
come. 

e. Seizure of the land in Sicily. 

F. Foreign policy. 

a. Italy enters the Triple Alliance, 1882. Effects. 

b. Colonial expansion. 

(1) Crispi and the Abyssinian Campaign. 

(2) The War for Tripoli, 1911-1912. 

41 



c. Italy's policies in the great war of 1&14. 

d. Results of the war to Italy. 

(1) Recovery of the Italian land south of the 

Alps. 

(2) Acquisition of lands along the northern end 

of the Adriatic. Italian claims to other 
Adriatic land. Are these valid? 

(3) The Fiume question. D'Annunzio's raid. 

Outcome. 

(4) Italian influence in the Balkans. 

2. Spain since 1820. 

A. From monarchy to republic. Summary of political history 
to 1874. 

B. Political history since 1875. The constitution of 1876. The 

system of government and its operation since then. 

C. Problems of modern Spain. Signs of progress. 

a. Loss of American colonies. 

b. Social and economic problems. 

c. Problem of dense popular ignorance. 

d. Relations between Church and State. 

e. Growth of socialism and anarchism. 

D. Attitude of Spain toward the Great War. 

a. German propaganda in Spain. 

b. Divisions of opinion. Views of the different classes 

of the people. 

c. Economic advantages of neutrality. 

3. Portugal since 1807. 

A. History of the monarchy. 

B. The new Portugese Republic. 

a. Causes of the revolution of October, 1910. 

b. Constitution of 1911. 

c. Methods of Republican government. Anti-clericalism. 

d. Economic and social problems. 

C. Portugal and Europe. 

a. Long alliance with Great Britain. 

b. The Portuguese colonies and their problems. 

c. Portugal enters the World War. 
References : — 

Hazen, Etirope Since 1815, 376-887, 5&4-578 ; Hayes. Political and 
Social History of Modern Europe, II, 367-389 ; Schapiro, Modern 
and Contemporary European History, 459-471. 
Addition.'^l References : — 
Italy, General Surveys. 

Cambridge Modern History XII, 213-242; King and Okey, Italy 
To-day; Wallace, Greater Italy, (Scribner, 1917). 
Italian Government. 

Ogg, The Governments of Europe (revised edition, 1920), 520- 
553; Electoral Reform in Italy, in New Europe, vol. 11, 
109-114; Wallace, W. R., Greater Italy, 92-113. 
42 



Recent Politics in Italy. 

Pauphilet, The New Italian Chamber, in New Europe, vol. 13, 
291-299 ; Corradini, The New ParUament in Rome, in Nine- 
teenth Century, vol. 87, 45-57; The Political Situation in 
Italy, in New Europe, vol. 11, 250-254; Powell, The Recent 
Political Crisis in Italy, in New Europe, vol. 15, 173-178; 
Giolitti's Policy, in Current Hist., vol. 12, 781-789, 426-430. 
The Revival of Papal Influence. 

Wood, The Temporal Power, in Atlantic, vol. 123, 821-842; 
Loiseau, The Vatican and the New States of Central Europe, 
in New Europe, vol. 12, 241-247; Huddleston, The Revival 
of the Vatican, in Fortnightly, vol. 108, 67-77. 
Relations with the Pope. 

Wallace, Greater Italy, 159-193. 
Economic Progress in Italy. 

Nineteenth Century and After, vol. 71, 148-164; King and Okey, 
Italy To-day, chapter 7 ; Wallace, W. K., Greater Italy, 141- 
158; Powell, Free Trade and Protection in Italy, in New 
Europe, vol. 15, 85-89. 

German Economic Penetration in Italy. 

Ball, German Methods in Italy, in Quarterly Rev., vol. 224, 136- 
149 ; Gray, Italy in the Clutches of Germany, in Fortnightly, 
vol. 98, 679-684; Quarterly Rev., vol. 224, 248-265; Wallace, 
Greater Italy, 184-206. 

Economic Conditions in Italy (1919-1920). 

Ginistrilli, Italy To-day, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 87, 1000-1009 ; 
Venanzio, The Economic Situation of Italy (July, 1919), in 
Nation, vol. 109, 53-54. 

Socialistic Tendencies in Italy To-day. 

Marcucci, The Labor Situation in Italy, in Current Hist., vol. 
13, 13-16 ; Seizure of the Factories, in Current Hist., vol. 13, 
65-69, 257-260; Revolution in Factory Management: Results 
of the Struggle, in Current Hist., vol. 13, 524-533; Glasgow, 
International Labor Conference at Genoa, in New Europe, 
vol. 15, 187-188 ; Seamen's Conference at Genoa, in New 
Europe, vol. 16, 38-41 ; Speranza, Italy's Crisis Subsiding in 
Current Hist. (March, 1921), vol. 13, 409-412; Prezzolini, The 
Seizure of the Land in Sicily, in Nation, vol. 112, 37-838. 

The War for Tripoli. 

Wallace, Greater Italy, 114-140; Nineteenth Century, vol. 71, 1216- 
1229. 

The Adriatic Question. 

General Accounts. 

Roxburgh, The Peace Conference and the Adriatic Problem, in 
Edin. Rev., vol. 231 (April, 1920), 209-231; Woods, Some 
Adriatic Problems, in Contemporary, vol. 117, 635-642; Seton- 

43 



Watson, The Adriatic Question in Its Latest Stage, in New 
Europe, vol. 12, 121-127; Armstrong, Italy in the Balkans, in 
No. Amer. Rev., April, 1920. 

The Fiume Question. 

Taylor, The Question of Fiiime, in Balka)i Rev., vol. 2, 260-290; 
Evans, Italy and Fiuinc, in A'cw Europe, vol. 16, 179-182. 

Pro-Italian Accounts. 

Gayda, The Adriatic Problem and the Peace Conference, in Fort- 
nightly, vol. 105, 478-491 ; Viletti, Fiume, an Italian Nationalist 
Point of View, in Nezv Europe, vol. 16, 233-235; Ferrara, in 
Current Hist., vol. 12, 285-290. 

Anti-Italian Accounts. 

Seton-Watson, The Adriatic Blackmail, in New Europe, vol. 14, 
57-62; The Italian Chamber and the Adriatic, in New Europe, 
vol. 14, 139-143 ; Skutari for Fiume, in New Europe, vol. 15, 
70-71 ; Primorac, The Ruin of Trieste, in Neiv Europe-, vol. 
14, 304-307; A. H. E. Taylor, The Future of the Southern 
Slavs, 105-199. 

Settlement of the Fiume Question. 

Current Hist., vol. 13, (Dec, 1!)20). 402-407. 

Spain. 

Cambridge Modern History, Xlf, 257-272; Perkins, Social and 
Economic Problems of Modern Spain, in Pol. Sci. Quart., 
vol. 27, 92-108; Quarterly Rev., vol. 208, 1-23; Dillon, Spain 
and the Vatican, in Contemporary, September, 1910 ; Nine- 
teenth Century, vol. -73, 659-666 ; Minimum Program of the 
Spanish Socialists, in Living Age. April 17, 1920; Sweeping 
Reforms in Spain, in Current Hist., vol. 13, (Nov., 1920) 260- 
263. 

Spain and the Great War. 

S. de Madariaga, The Elements of Future Spain, in Contem- 
porary, 113 (May, 1918), 527-532, and Spain's Home War, 
in Contemporary, Oct., 1918; Dillon, The Plight of Spain, in 
Nineteenth Century, 83, 386-402, (February, 1918); T. H. 
Pardo de Tavera, Spmn and the Great War, in Century, Jan- 
uary, 1918; Brossa, Diplomatic and Foreign Policy of Spain, 
in Nation, vol. 108, 517-520 (April 5, 1919). 

The Portuguese Republic. 

Contemporary, November, 1910, 513-534, and under "Foreign 
Affairs"; Fortnightly, November, 1910, 772-779; Jones, The 
Revolution in Portugal, in Mid-West Quarterly, April, 1914; 
P. Gibbs, The Tyranny in Portugal, in Contemporary, 105, 
(Jan., 1914), pp. 30-38; Archer, The Portuguese Republic, 
in Fortnightly, February, 1911 ; McCullagh, Portugal the 
Nightmare Republic, in Nineteenth Century, January, 1914; 

44 



Johnson, Common Sense in Foreign Policy, 75-87; Bell, The 
Third Portuguese Revolution, in Contemporary, vol. 113, 200- 
206. 

Spain's Position in Morocco. 
Fortnightly, vol. 108, 92-102. 

XI. THE GERMAN EMPIRE SINCE 1870. 

1. The governments of Germany before 1918. 

A. The imperial government. 

a. The Emperor and his ministers. 

b. The Bundesrath. 

c. The Reichstag. 

d. Illiberal features of the system. 

B. The governments of the separate states. 

a. Prussia. 

b. Bavaria, and other South German states. 

C. Political reforms demanded. 

a. Electoral reform in Prussia. 

b. Redistribution of seats in the Reichstag and the Prus- 

sian Landtag. 

c. Ministerial responsibility. 

D. Methods by which the aristocracy kept control of the Ger- 

man people. 

a. Prussian ascendancy and its results. 

b. Government control over the press. 

c. MiHtarism. .A.scendancy of the General Staff of the 

Army. 

d. How the Churches and their clergy helped. 

e. Work of the educational system. Leadership of the 

university professors. 

f. Deeply ingrained habits of obedience to authority 

generally prevalent throughout Germany. Attitude 
of the people toward the State. Contrast with that 
of the American people. 

2. Germany under Bismarck's control, 1871-1890. 

A. Organization of the Empire; legal, economic, military. 

B. The main parties ; their principles and strength. How Bis- 

marck managed and controlled them. 

C. The Kulturkampf. 

a. Causes and character. 

b. The anti-clerical legislation. 

c. Effects. Wby Bismarck gave up this contest. 

D. Bismarck and the policy of protective tariffs. Reasons. 

Effects. 

E. Bismarck and socialism. 

a. Previous history of German socialism. 

45 



b. Bismarck's motives in attacking socialism. 

c. His anti-socialist legislation and its effects. 

d. Social reform legislation passed under Bismarck. 

(1) Reasons for Bismarck's support of this legis- 

lation. 

(2) The three great insurance laws. 

(3) Effects of this legislation. 

F. Disputes over the army — the "Military Septennate." 

G. The beginning of colonial expansion. 

a. Why Germany had no colonies. 

b. Bismarck's early policy. 

c. Germany's need for colonies. Is it real? 

d. Character and extent of her colonial empire in 1914. 

Its value and effects on German development. 
H. The fall of Bismarck. 

a. Causes and effects. 

b. Bismarck's later work. 

c. His place in German history. 
3. Germany under Emperor William II. 

A. Character and policies of William II. 

B. Political problems of the reign. 

a. The leading political parties and their principles. 

b. Relations between the emperor and his four chancel- 

lors, 1890-1917. Ways by which a majority of 
votes in the Reichstag was secured. 

c. Rise of the Social-Democratic Party. 

(1) Voting strength and representation in the 

Reichstag in the past two decades. 

(2) Reasons for its growth. 

(3) Demands of the party. Extent to which its 

leaders broke away from the Marxian 
dogmas. 

(4) Attitude of the emperor and the government. 

d. The elections of 1907 and 1912. Issues and results. 

e. The political situation in 1914. 

C. Economic development of Germany. 

a. Growth of population. Aligration to the cities. 

b. Agriculture. 

(1) Effects of the protective tariff. The problem 

of feeding the growing population. 

(2) Decline of the agricultural population. 

(8) Extent to which the land is still held in large 
estates. Effects on agriculture, on the 
peasantry, and on politics. 

c. Growth of German industry and commerce. 

(1) The industrial and agricultural sections of 
Germany. Character and numbers of the 
population in the various sections. 

46 



(2) The growth of the great German industries. 

Location, character, and importance. 

(3) Organization of industrial corporations in 

Germany — the Syndicates. 

(4) Trade Unions. Character and strength. 

Methods and influence. Connection with 
the Social Democratic Party. 

(5) Rapid growth of German foreign trade and 

mercantile marine. Reasons for this. 

d. State Socialism. 

(1) Social reform projects of the government. 

(2) State enterprises. 

(a) Transportation, (b) Industry, (c) 
Agriculture and forestry. 

(3) Municipal socialism. What the German 

cities do for the people. Character of 
German municipal government. 

e. National wealth. 

(1) Rapid increase in recent years. 

(2) Rise in standards of living. 

(3) Condition of the common people. Problems 

of living costs and wages. 

f. Government finance. 

(1) Rapid increase of the public debt. For what 

purposes contracted? 

(2) Rising expenditures of the federal and state 

governments. 

(3) German taxation. On what classes it fell 

most heavily. 

(4) The extraordinary taxes of 1913. 

(5) How Germany financed the war. Effects. 

g. The German educational system. Technical schools. 

Continuation schools. 

D. The German army and navy. 

a. Growth of the army. Its state of efficiency. The 

great increase of 1913. 

b. Rapid growth of the navy since 1900. 

(1) Causes. Was it necessary? 

(2) Strength at the outbreak of war. 

(3) Effects of this rapid construction of fighting 

ships. 

c. Cost of this great army and navy. How the money 

was raised to support it. 
E. Treatment of the non-German subjects of the empire — 
the conquered provinces. 

a. Schleswig. 

b. Alsace-Lorraine. 

47 



/ 



(1) Protests of the people of the provinces, 1871, 

1874. Extent of the migration out of the 
provinces. 

(2) How the conquered provinces were governed. 

Attempts to Germanize the people. 

(3) Attitude of the people. Demands for local 

autonomy. 

(4) Constitution of 1911. Why unsatisfactory. 

(5) The Zabern incident, 1913. 
c. The Polish provinces. 

(1) Distribution of the Poles through different 

parts of Germany. 

(2) Prussian policy toward them before 1870. 

(3) Efforts to Germanize the Poles. 

(a) By destroying the Polish language. 

(b) By driving the Poles from the owner- 

ship of land. The efforts at coloni- 
zation of Germans. 

(4) Failure of these efforts. Results. 

F". Effects of German prosperity on the national character and 
ideals. Germany on the eve of the Great War. 

a. Weakness underlying the apparently unbounded pros- 

peri t}'. 

b. Worship of wealth and materialism. Decline of the 

old idealism. 

c. Unbounded national self-conceit. Growtii of chau- 

vinism. 

d. Apparent conversion of most Socialists to the Pan- 

German ideals. 
Effects of the Great War on Germany. 

A. Political effects. 

a. The revolution of 1918. 

b. The new German constitution of 1919. 

c. The futile Junker revolt early in 1920. 

d. The German elections and German political parties. 

e. Will the new democratic government of Germany last? 

B. Loss of territory and probable heavy indemnities to be 

paid. 

C. Economic and social effects. 

a. Lack of means of production. Consequent unemploy- 

ment. 

b. Extravagant credit currency inflation. Resultant high 

prices. 

c. .Scarcity of food. Suffering of the poor people espe- 

cially the children. 

d. Penetration of foreign capital into German}^ 

e. Formation of an All-German industrial trust. 

48 



f. Labor problems in Germany. The Shop Councils 

Law of 1920. 

g. Effects of the war on socialism in Germany. Failure 

of present (1920) socialist government to national- 
ize all industries, 
h. Effects of the war" on the German psychology. To 
what extent and why do the people negret the war? 

D. Changed diplomatic position of Germany. 

E. Loss of colonies. 

References : — • 

^Hazen, Europe Since iSi^ 303-328; Hayes, Political and Social His- 
tory of Modern Europe, II, 397-426 ; The Cambridge Modern 
History, XII, 134-173; Schapiro, Modern and Contemporary Eu- 
ropean History. 277-323. 
Five excellent surveys of recent German development are Dawson, 
The German Empire, 1S67-1Q14, vol. II, and Evolution of Modern 
Germany; Barker, Modern Germany; Fife, The German Empire 
Between T-wo Wars; and Von Biilow. hnperial Germany. More 
special works are referred to under the following special topics. 

Special Topics : — 

The Governments of Germany. 

Hazen, The Government of Germany (U. S. Committee on Public 
Information) ; Ogg, Governments of Europe (revised edition, 
1920), 616-674; Fife, The German Empire Between Tivo 
Wars, 101-158; Dawson, What is Wrong With Germany?, 
70-112; Howe, Socialised Germany, 1-51; Tower, Germany 
To-day, 19-68 ; Von Biilow, Imperial Germany, 127-201 ; Bar- 
ker, Modern Germany, 798-829 ; Hozv Prussianism Warps 
Men and Women, in The Independent, vol. 80, 401-403. 

German Ideas of the State. 

Howe, Socialised Germany, 321-335; Dawson, What is Wrong 
With Germany?, 22-69; Gooch, German Theories of the 
State, in Contemporary, vol. 107, 743-753 ; Archer, Fighting 
a Philosophy, in No. Amer. Rev., vol. 201, 3:0-44. 

The Beginnings of Socialism in Germany. Bismarck's Hostile Meas- 
ures toward Socialism. 

Orth, Socialism and Democracy in Europe, 146-168; Barker, 
Modern Germany, 384-400 ; Stearns, Bismarck, 324-333. 

The German^ Social Insurance Laws and Similar Measures to Help 
the Common People. 
Howe, Socialised Germany, 161-207, 231-264; Dawson, German 

Workingmen's Insurance, in Contemporary, vol. 101, 669-680; 

Dawson, The German Workingman, especially chapters 3 and 

15; Dawson, Evolution of Modern Germany, 135-169; F. W. 

Lewis, State Insurance. 60-77; Roberts. Monarchical Socialism' 

49 



in Germany, 33-88; Vom Baur, How Germany Deals With 
Workmen's Injuries, in Pol. Sci. Quart., vol. 27, 470-487; Ogg, 
Social Progress in Contemporary Europe, 246-263. 

The Press. 

Fife, The German Empi%£ Between Two Wars, 359-388 ; Collier, 
Germany and the Germans, 156-191. 

German Protective Tariff — Its Causes and Results. 

Barker, Modern Germany, 670-689, 645-669; Headlam, Bismarck, 
411-422; Stearns, Bismarck, 333-344; Dawson, Evolution of 
Modern Germany, 237-254; Von Biilow, Imperial Germany, 
273-289. ^ 

German Desires for Colonial Expansion. 

Dawson, Evolution of Modern Germany, 334-401 ; Von Bernhardi, 
Germany and the Next War, 72-114; Prothero, German Policy 
Before the War (Dutton) ; Marriott, W elt-P olitik , in Nine- 
teenth Century, vol. 83, 669-684; Schmitt, England and Ger- 
many, 70-95; Eltzbacher, The Progress of Germany and 
Greater Germany, in Contemporary, vol. 88, 203-220; Rohr- 
bach, German World Policies, 133-211. 

Extent of German Success in Colonization. 

Evans Lewin, German Colonial Administration, in Atlantic, 123, 
463-473; Harris, Germany's Lost Colonial Empire, in Con- 
temporary, 111, 464-471 ; Lewin, P. E., The Germans and 
Africa (Stokes, 1915), good general account; Pruen, What 
the Germans Did in East Africa, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 
77, 768-771 ; J. H. Harris, Germany's Treatment of Natives, 
in Nineteenth Century, vol. 78, 44-51 ; R. C. Hawkin, Germany 
and South Africa; m Contemporary, vol. 108, 491-500; Wig- 
glesworth, Thirty Years of German Rule in East Africa, in 
Contemporary, vol. 100, 477-484; Cox, The Cameroons, in 
Nineteenth Century, 83, 1041-1049 ; Lewin and Montgomery- 
Campbell, How Germany Treats the Native, in Quar. Rev., 
vol. 229, 872-396. 

Anecdotes of Bismarck. 

Richmond, Conversations with Prince Bismarck, in No. Amer. 
Rev., Sept. 1914, pp. 390-405; Bismarck, The Man and The 
Statesman, Being The Reflections and Reminiscences of Otto 
Prince von Bismarck (translated by A. J. Butler). 

Personality and Ability of Emperor William H. 

Barker, Modern Germany, 363-383; Edmund von Mach, What 
Germany Wants, 24-30 ; Roberts, Monarchical Socialism in 
Germany, 144-152 ; Gauss, The German Eviperor as Shown 
in His Public Utterances; Shaw, William II of Germany; 
Barker, Modern Germany, 363-383; Collier, Germany and the 
Germans, ch. 3. 

50 



Growth of German Industry and Commerce. 

Dawson, Ei^luHon of Modern Germany, 1-105, 170-200, 226-254; 
Howe, Socialised Germany, 52-79; Barker, Modern Germany, 
530-644, 485-529; Von Biilow, Imperial Germany, 248-289; 
Hurd and Castle, German Sea Power, 214-255, 287-327; 
Dooley, German and American Methods of Production, in 
Atlantic, vol. 107; 649-660; Tower, Germany of To-day, 160- 
182 ; Howard, Recent Industrial Progress of Germany, 28-73. 

'Agriculture. 

Dawson, Evolution of Modern Germany, 226-264; Barker, Mod- 
ern Germany, 485-529; Tower, Germany of To-day, 183-206; 
Von Billow, Imperial Germany, 248-289. 

Industries Owned by the Imperial or State Governments. 

Howe, Socialised Germany, 80-160; Dawson, Evolution of Mod- 
ern Germany, 207-225; Barker, Modern Germany, 530-599; 
Dreher, The German Drift Towards Socialism, in Atlantic 
(July, 1911), vol. 108, 101-112. 

What the German Cities do for the People — Municipal Socialism. 
Howe, Socialized Germany, 248-257, 265-320; Dawson, The Ger- 
man Workman, especially chapters 2, 7, 8, 9, 13; Fife, The 
German Empire between Two Wars, 269-316; Tower, Ger- 
many of To-day, 100-128. 

National Wealth. 

Barker, Modern Germany, 690-697; Helflferich, Germany's Eco- 
nomic Progress and National Wealth, 1888-191^^. 

Condition of the Common People. ' 

Dawson, Evolution of Modern Germany, 265-293, 148-169 ; Barker, 
Modern Germany, 698-741 ; Collier, Germany and the Ger- 
mans, 461-524. 

German Educational Systems. 

Howe, Socialized Germany, 208-247; Barker, Modern Germany, 
453-484; Dawson, Evolution of Modern Germany, 95-105; 
Swift, The Making of a Gentleman in Germany, in Contem- 
porary, 110, 465-473; (student duels); McLaren, The Ger- 
man Child in the German School, in Contemporary, vol. 104, 
847-855; Fife, The German Empire Betzveen Two Wars, 317- 
358; Tower, Germany of To-day, 129-159; Randall, Pan-Ger- 
manic Education, in Contemporary, vol. 108; 589-599. 

German Finance and Taxation. 

German Imperial Finance, in Edin. Rev., vol. 209, pp. 269-289; 
Crammond, Financial Preparations for War, in Nineteenth 
Century, vol. 74, 924-942 ; The Economic Position of Germany 
in 1909, in Quarterly Rev., vol. 212, 480-512. 

The German Social Democrats and the Liberal Movement. 

Barker, Modern Germany, 384-425 ; Dawson, Evolution of Modern 
Germany, 444-466; Von Biilow, Imperial Germany, 202-247; 

51 



J. King, The German Reichstag Election of 1912, in Con- 
temporary, vol. 101, 165-176; Fife, The German Empire Be- 
tween Two Wars, 159-199. 

The German Army. Size, General Character, and Cost before 1914. 
Barker, Modern Germany, 297-317, 798-829 ; Von Bernhardi, Ger- 
many and the Next War, 115-129, 183-225, 241-259; Tower, 
Germany of To-day, 69-77; Brooks, The Changing Arma- 
ments of Europe, in No. Amer. Rev., vol. 197; 604-614; Bar- 
ker, The Changing Balance of Pozver, in Nineteenth Century, 
vol. 73; 1193-1211 ; Barker, The Armament Race and Its Lat- 
est Developments, in Fortnightly, vol. 93; 654-668. Dillon, 
Cost of the Armed Peace, in Contemporary, vol. 105 ; 413-421 ; 
Edmund von Alach, What Germany Wants, 123-136. 

Evil Influence of German Militarism. 

Altschul, German Militarism and Its German Critics (U. S. Com- 
mittee on Public Information) ; Whitman, The Praetorian 
Spirit, in Fortnightly, vol. 97; 767-781; Dawrson, What Is 
Wrong With Germany:'' 113-153; Militarism in German Life, 
in Independent, vol. 80; 231-232, and 401-403; J. H. Morgan, 
The War Booh of the German General Staff (McBride) ; 
Munro, Sellery, and Krey, German War Practices (U. S. 
Committee on Public Information) ; War Encyclopedia (U. 
S. Committee on Public Information). (See Zabern Affair, 
Militarism, etc.) 

The German Navy, Its Objects and Influence. 

Delbriick, IVIiy Does Germany Build Warshi^^s, in Contemporary, 
vol. 96, 401-410; Hurd and Castle, German Sea Poiver, 108- 
286; Roberts, Monarchical Socialism in Germany, 153-167; 
von Bernhardi. Germany and the Next War, 130-166, 226-240; 
Barker, Modern Germany, 317-362, 115-147 ; Dawson, Evolu- 
tion of Modern Germany, 348-357 ; Tower, Germany of To- 
day, 77-86;' Dreher, The Year in Germany, in Atlantic, vol. 
103; 110-113; ./;-,■ the Navy Estimates Justified? in Fort- 
nightly, vol. M4, 1057-107:5; Sea and Air Command, in Fort- 
nightly, vol. 93; 868-880. 

The Conquered Provinces: Schleswig. 

Rosendal, The Problem of Danish Schleswig ; Larson, Prussian- 
ism in North Sleszinek. in Avier. Hist. Rev., vol. 24, 227-252; 
Eckhardt, The North Slesvi'ig or Dano-Germanic Question, in 
Scientific Monthly, vol. 8, 49-57. 

Alsace-Lorraine under German Control. 

Gibbons, New Map of Europe, 1-20; Hazen, Alsace-Lorraine 
under German Rule; Fife, The German Empire Between 
Two Wars, 217-233; Alsace-Lorraine and Democracy, in 
Edin. Rev., vol. 227; 322-342; Alsace-Lorraine, in Fortnightly, 
vol. 103 (March 1918), pp. 384-397; Helmer, Alsace-Lorraine, 
in Nineteenth Century, 83; 229-247; Jordan, Alsace-Lorraine, 

52 



A Study in Conquest, in Atlantic, vol. 113, 688-702; Baerlein, 
The State of Alsace-Lorraine, in Fortnightly, vol. 95, 146-153; 
Johnston, Germany and Alsace-Lorraine, in Nineteenth Cen-- 
tury, January 1914; Gibbons, The Question of Alsace-Lor-- 
raine in 1918, in Century, March 1918. 

Poland and the Poles. 

Gibbons, Neiv Map of Europe, 96-118; Fife, The German Empire 
Betiveen Two Wars, 234-266; Dawson, Evolution of Modern 
Germany, chap. 14; The Polish Expropriation Bill of 1908, 
in No. Amer. Rev., vol. 187, 941-943; Kozicki, The Poles 
under Prussian Rule, in Nineteenth Century, 83, 1210-1224. 

The German Revolution of 1918. 

Delmer, Inner History of the German Revolution, in Nineteenth 
Century, vol. 87, 555-573 ; Documentary History of the Ger- 
man Revolution, in Living Age, March 1, 1919; Clark, Ger- 
many In Revolution, in Atlantic, vol. 124, 95-105; The German 
Revolution, in Netv Europ<e, vol. 14, 275-280; Ogg, Political 
Developments in Germany, 1917-1918, in Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev., 
vol. 13, 115-119. 

The New German Constitution. 

Official Text of the Constitution of the German Republic, in Cur. 
Hist., vol. 11, 86-100; Freund, The New German Constitution, 
in Pol. Sci. Quart., vol. 35, 177-203; Shepard, The New Ger- 
man Constitution, in Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev., vol. 14, 34-52; 
Dawson, in Fortnightly, vol. 105, 321-330; Saunders, in Neiv 
Europe, vol. 12, 289-294; Shepard, The New Government in 
Germany, in Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev., vol. 13, 361-378; Preuss, 
The German Unitary State, in New Europe, vol. 14, 69-71. 

The German Elections of 1919. 

The German Election, in Nczv Europe, vol. 15, 218-221 ; Brock- 
hausen. The German Elections, in Netv Europe, vol. 15, 280- 
282 ; Bevan, Germany Tries Democracy, in Contemporary, 
vol. 115, 369-375. 

Political Parties in Germany Since the Revolution. 

Barclay, Germany's Political Resources, in Fortnightly, vol. 108 
(Sept. 1920), 363-376; Rohrbach, Political Parties in Germany, 
in The Review, June 5, 1920 ; The Radical Parties of Germany. 
in Living Age, March 6, 1920 ; Program of the German Dem- 
ocratic Party, in Nation, March 20, 1920. 

The Attempt at Junker Revolt in 1920. 

Germany Playing at Revolution, in Neiv Europe, vol. 14, 241-247, 
307-308; vol. 15, 25-30; Current Hist., vol. 12, 1-10. 

The Soviet Experiment in Bavaria in 1919. 

Wulfsohn, The Soviet Exp>eriment in Bavaria, in New Europe, vol. 
11, 256-260. 

53 



Economic Conditions in Germany in 1919-1920. 

Cravath, liiiprcss'ioiis of Financial and Industrial Conditions in 
Germany, in Annals, vol. 92, 5-12; Long, Germany's Economic 
Collapse, in Fortnightly, vol. 107, 346-360 and 694-708 and vol. 
109, 1-16 ; Bonn, Economic Situation in Germany, in New 
Europe, vol. 14, 10-15 ; Barker, in Current Hist., vol. 13, 
357-362 (December 1920) ; Gannett, In the Land of Black 
Despair, in Nation, vol. 109, 434-435; Luken, Present Day 
Germany, in Cur. Hist., vol. 11, 245-257, Buxton, Child Life 
and Death in Germany, in Contemporary, vol. 118, 355-360; 
Germany To-day, in New Europe, vol. 13, (Dec. 1919), 329- 
332; What Is Happening in Germany, in Contemporary, vol. 
117, 719-740 (newspaper extracts and documents), Herbig, 
Coal Question in Germany, in Annals, vol. 92, 66-75 (excel- 
lent) ; Von Volcker, German Transportation and Communi- 
cation, in Annals, vol. 92, 76-90; and other excellent articles 
in Annals Anier. Acad., vol. 92, pp. 91-162. 

Penetration of Foreign Capital Into Germany. 

Wulfsohn, Penetration of Foreign Capital into Germany, in New 
Europe, vol. 14, 300-304. 

The All German Industrial Trust. 

Long, in Fortnightly, vol. 108, (Sept. 1920), 377-391. 

Labor Conditions in Germany. 

Sinzheimer, Labor Legislation in Germany, in Annals, vol. 92, 35- 
40; The Labor Revolt in Germany, in Current Hist., vol. 12, 
224-231 ; The German Shop Councils Lazv, in Current Hist., 
vol. 13, 519-523 (Dec. 1920) ; Umbreit, Program of German 
Socialised Industrial Managements, in Annals, vol. 92, 61-65; 
Bernstein, German Shop Councils, in Living Age, June 19, 
1920; SchJiffer, Results of the Council Movement in Germany, 
in Annals Amer. Acad., vol. 92, 41-47; Aufhausser, Industrial 
Councils in Germany, in Annals Amer. Acad., vol. 92, 48-53; 
Ohse, The New Workmen's Councils Legislation, in Annals, 
vol. 92, 54-60. 

German Social Democracy Since the War. 

Bevan, German Social Democracy during the War (Dutton, 1919), 
reviewed in Nation, vol. 109, 768-770; Long, The Burial of 
German Socialism, in Fortnightly, vol. 108 (Nov. 1920), 765- 
776. 

The German Psychology. 

Kellogg, A Post-Morten of Central Europe, in Atlantic, vol. 123, 
(June 1910), 818-831; Graves, The American Soldier and the 
German Mind, in Atlantic (June 1919), vol. 123, 811-817; 
Wright, The German War Spirit, in Edin. Rev., vol. 232, 84-95. 

The Plebiscites in Territories formerly German. 

Hinks, The Plebiscite in East Prussia and Slesvig, in New Europe, 
vol. 14, 222-227; and The Plebiscite Area of Upper Silesia, in 
New Europe, vol. 14, 101-107. 

54 



XII. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY SINCE 1849. 

1. Austria to the Compromise of 1867. 

A. Restoration of absolutism after the failure of the Revo- 

tions of 1848. Treatment of the Hungarians. 

B. Struggle between the Emperor and the Hungarians. The 

Emperor yields to Hungarian demands. 

C. Establishment of the Dual Monarchy. The "Ausgleich" of 

1867. 

a. The political institutions of the new state. 

b. Dissatisfaction of the subject races. 

2. Francis Joseph, Emperor and King, 1867-1916. His character and 

abilities, his main policies, and his position in history. 

3. The Austrian Empire since 1867. 

A. The government. 

a. Parliament. 

b. The cabinet. To whom responsible? 

c. Provincial diets. 

d. Administrative system. 

e. Great influence of the Church. 

B. Liberal legislation. 

C. The attempt to establish a federal state. 

a. The demands of the Bohemians. 

(1) Historical bases. (2) Economic complica- 
tions. (3) Were the demands justified? 
(4) Results. 

b. Politics and political parties since 1873. Electoral 

reforms and the growth of democracy. 

c. Establishment of universal suflFrage, 1907. Results, 
a. Decline of Germanism. Situation in 1914. 

D. The Polish Question. 

a. Austrian policy before 1867. 

b. Gradual evolution of Polish autonomy. 

c. Differences between the Poles and the Ruthenes. 

d. Attitude of the Poles toward the War of 1914. 

E. The Italian question. 

a. Location and demands of the Italians. 

b. Austrian attitude toward them. Connections with the 

Southern Slav question. 

c. Influence on Austrian relations with Italy. 

F. Progress of Austria. 

a. Education. Extent of emancipation from clerical 

control. 

b. Industry and commerce. Location of chief manu- 

facturing centers. Contrast Austrian industrial 
development with that of France, Russia, Italy. 

c. Social legislation. 

55 



The Kingdom of Hungary since 1867. 

A. The government. 

a. Parliament. 

(1) The Table of Magnates. (2) The Chamber 
of Deputies. (3) The franchise laws. 
(4) Magyar domination of parliament. 

b. The cabinet. To whom responsible? 

c. Local government. 

d. Contrast the Hungarian government with the Aus- 

trian. 

B. Relations with Austria. 

a. Attitude toward the royal family. Hungarian opposi- 
tion to the renewal of the Ausgleich. Selfishness 
of the dominant Magyars. 

h. Rise of demands for independence of Hungary. 

c. The king and universal suffrage. 

d. .Advantages of dualism to the Magyars. 

C. Race questions in Hungary. 

a. The Law of Nationalities, 1868. 

b. The policy of Magyarization started in 1866 and con- 

tinued to ini8. 

c. The Slovaks. 

d. Transylvania. 

(1) Suppression of Transylvanian automony. 

(2) Oppression of the Rumanians. 

(3) Treatment of the Germans. 

e. The Southern Slav Question. 

(1) Dalmatia and Carniola. Austrian policies 

toward the people. 

(2) Croatia-Slavonia. 

(a> Constitution of 1868. 

(b) Political corruption and economic 

oppression. 

(c) Rise of South-Slav nationalism. 

(d) The Serbo-Croat coalition. 

(e) Recent oppression of the Croatians. 

Suspension of the constitution. 

(3) Bosnia-Herzegovina: The Austro-Hungarian 

Reichsland. 

(a) Races. 

(b) Occupation and conquest, 1878-70. 

(c) Government of the provinces. 

(d) Economic conditions. 

(e) .Annexation of 1908. Resulting dis 

content of the people. Reasons 

86 



(4) Importance of this question. 

(a) Nearness of Serbia. 

(b) The Balkan Wars of 1912-13. 

(c) Contrast with the Alsace-Lorraine 

question. 
I). Austria-Hungary and the War of 1914. How Austro-Hungarian 

problems helped bring about the war. 
6. Influence of the war upon Austria. 

B. Formation of the Austrian Republic. 
A. Political break-up of the empire. 

C. Economic helplessness of the new Austria. Suffering of 

Vienna. 
References : — 

Hazen, Europe since 1S15, 388-505 ; Ha3'es, Political and Social His- 
tory of Modern Europe, II, 426-435; Cambridge Modern History, 
XII, 174-212; Schapiro, Modern and Contemporary European 
History, 424-441. 
The best recent description of Austria-Hungary is H. W. Steed, 
The Hapsburg Monarchy. V. Gayda, Modern Austria — Her 
Racial and Social Problems (1915) is strongly anti-Austrian in 
tone. 
Special Topics : — 

The Government of Austria-Hungary. 

Ogg, Governments of Europe (old edition), 509-514; Steed, The 
Hapsburg Monarchy, chapter 1 and pp. 194-201 ; Bovill, Hun- 
gary and the Hungarians, 271-279. 

Government and Parties in Austria. 

Ogg, Governments of Europe, 456-483 ; Drage, Austria-Hungary , 
2-53; Colquhoun, The Whirlpool of Europe, 200-249. 
Francis Joseph, Emperor-King. 

Pinon, Revue des Deux Mondes Jan. 1. 1917; Eisenmann, Revue 
de Paris Jan. 1, 1917. 
Bohemia and the Czechs. 

Seton-Watson, German Slav and Magyar, 151-170; Colquhoun, 
The Whirlpool of Europe, 157-175, 250-267; Gayda, Modern 
Austria, 66-84, 90-112: Capek, Bohemia under Hapsburg 
Misrule. 
Unredeemed Italy. 

Gibbons, New Map of Europe, 119-130; Dillon, Italy and the 
Second Phase of the War, in Contemporary, vol. 107, 715-732; 
Gayda, Modern Au.<:tria, 11-45. 263-270. 
Governments and Parties in Hungary. 

Ogg, Governments of Europ,e (old edition), 489-508; Alden, Hun- 
gary To-day, 103-206 ; Bovill, Hungary and the Hungarians, 
146-165. 
Racial Divisions of Austria-Hungary. 

The Problem of Austria-Hungary, in Fortnightly, vol. 93, 1047- 
1062 ; Ozanne, Some Problems of Government in Austria- 

57 



Hungary, in Ninteenth Century, vol. 73; 1131-1147; Nolan, 
Impressions in Austria-Hungary, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 
77; 1138-1151; Gayda, Modern Austria, 58-89 ff.; Seton-Wat- 
son, Racial Problems in Hungary, 392-418; Seton-Watson, 
German, Slav and Magyar, 29-47. 

Transylvania. 

Bovill, Hungary and the Hungarians, 166-2U3; Seton-Watson, 
Rumania and the Great War,i 34-56. 

The Southern Slavs of Austria-Hungary. 

Harris, The Southern Slav Question, in Amer. Pol. Set. Rev., vol. 
9, 227-251; Gibbons, New Map of Europe, 142-160; Trevelyan, 
Austria-Hungary and Serbia, in No. Amer. Rev., vol. 201, 
860-868; Seton-Watson, New Phases of the Balkan Question, 
in Contemporary, vol. 104, 322-330; Gribble, Servia Irredenta, 
in Edin. Rev., vol. 220, 41-59; Gayda, Modern Austria, 113- 
137; Seton-Watson, German, Slav, and Magyar, 82-120; Sal- 
vemini, Italy and the Southern Slavs, in Quarterly .Rev., 229; 
176-204. 

Groatia-Slavonia. 

Alden, Hungary of Today, 391-409; Bovill, Hungary and the 
Hungarians, 222-238; Drage, Austria-Hungary, 453-477; 
Seton-Watson, Hungary and the Southern Slavs, in Con- 
temporary, vol. 101; 820-830; Seton-Watson, Absolutism in 
Croatia. 

Bosnia and Herzegovina. 

Gayda, Modern Austria, 113-137; Drage, Austria-Hungary, 596- 
650. 

The Archduke Francis Ferdinand. 

Seton-Watson, in Contemporary (August 1914), vol. 106; 165-174; 
Barker, The Murder of the Archduke, in Fortnightly (August 
1914), vol; 96; 224-241; Sellers, The Murdered Archduke, in 
Nineteenth Century, (August 1914), vol. 76; 281-298. 

Economic Helplessness of the Austrian Republic. 

Redlich, The Problem of the Austrian Republic, in Quarterly 
Rev., July 1920; The Question of German Austria, in New 
Europe, vol. 11, 106-109, 133-137, 172-177, 281-282; Kolousik, 
The Finaticial and Economic Liquidation of Austria-Hungary, 
in N^ew Europe, vol. 11, 293-299 ; Herz, The Ruin of German- 
Austria, in Nation, vol. 109, 372-373 ; Hoare, Vienna and the 
State of Central Europe, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 87, 409- 
423; Financial Situation in German-Austria as shown by the 
Budget for 1919-1920, in Nctv Europe, vol. 12, 254-259 ; Specu- 
lation and Exchange in German- Austria, in Nezv Europe, vol. 
12, 279-282 ; The Coal Crisis in German-Austria, in New 
Europe, vol. 12, 30G-311 (Oct. 1919) ; The Future of Austria, 
in Fortnightly, vol. 105, 625-635 (1919). 

58 



XIII. RUSSIA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 

1. The political, religious, social, and economic institutions of Russia 

in the early nineteenth century. Policies of Alexander I and 
Nicholas I. 

2. The reign of Alexander II. 

A. Reform work. 

a. Abolition of serfdom. 

(1) The system of land tenure and its evils. 

(2) The Edict of Emancipation. Provisions and 

effects. Disappointment of the peasantry. 

b. Establishment of Zemstvos. 

c. Reform of the judicial system. 

d. Educational reforms. 

B. The Polish insurrection of 1863. 

a. Causes. 

b. Reasons for its failure. 

c. Effects on Alexander II's policies. 

C. The growth of Nihilism. 

3. The reign of Alexander III. 

A. Reactional policies. 

a. Opposition to the ideas of Western Europe. 

b. Rigorous policy of Russification. The Pan-Slavist 

doctrine. Methods employed. 

B. Progressive policies. 

a. Paternal kindness to the peasantry. 

b. Industrial progress. Introduction of the industrial 

revolution with its attendant labor problems. Rise 
of a rich bourgeoise. 

4. Reign of Nicholas II up to the Russo-Japanese War (1904). 

A. Reactionary policies. Increasing difficulty of bottling up 

the Russian intellectuals. 

B. Suffering of the peasantry under the burden of taxation. 

C. Attack on Finnish local autonomy. Abrogation of the 

Constitution of Finland, 1899. 

5. Russian expansion into Asia and the rise of the Far Eastern 

Question. The Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905. (To be treated 
later.) 

6. The Revolution of 1905. 

A. Immediate causes. 

a. Unpopularity of the War with Japan. Defeats in 

the war. 

b. Moderate attempts at reform. 

c. Terrorist activities. 

d. Outbreaks of the peasantry. 

e. Organization of national leadership of the labor 

unions. 

59 



B. Outbreak of Revolution. 

a. "Red Sunday," 1905. Great strikes. 

b. Nationalist uprisings. Freedom for Finland. 

c. The general strike of October 190o. 

d. Concessions of the Tsar: The October Manifesto. 

e. Formation of political parties. 

f. The fundamental laws. 

(1) Council of the Empire. (2) The Duma. 
How elected. (3) Powers kept by the 
Tsar. 

C. Suppression of the Revolution. 

a. How the Dumas were made subservient. 
1). Dissension among the revolutionists. 

c. Re-establishment of order. Methods. 

d. Economic reforms. 

(1) The Stolypin Land Act, 1909. 

(2) Social insurance. 

* e. Why the revolution did not overthrow the Tsar. 
f. What the revolution reallv accomplished. 
Russia before the Great War. 

A. The Dumas after 1907. 

B. Progress in education and state finance. 

C. Growth of foreign commerce. Economic penetration of 

Germany. 

D. Continuation of Russification. 

E. The vodka problem. 

F. The possibility of another revolution in 1914. Influence 

of this on the German plans. 
Influence of the Great War on Russia. 

A. Russian unity restored by the War. 

a. Reasons. 

b. .Attitude of the bureaucracy toward the war. 

c. Self-organization of the Russian people through the 

zemtsvos. 

B. Overthrow of the Romanoff Dynasty. 

a. Distrust of the Tsar, his family, and his leading 

ministers. Fears that they were disloyal. 

b. Successful revolt in Petrograd, February 1917. 

c. .-Xbdication of Nicholas II, March 15, 1917. 

C. The Provisional Republican Government soon overthrown 

by the Socialists. Organization of Soviets all over Rus- 
sia.. Rapid disorganization of the army. Work of Ker- 
ensky. 

D. Victory of the Bolshevists, November 7, 1917, and its results. 

a. Separate peace with Germany. The Treaties of 
Brest-Litovsk. 

60 



b. Breakup of Russia. Annexations by Germany. Se- 

cession of other outlying parts of the former Rus- 
sian Empire. 

c. Establishment of the Soviet Government. Its char- 

acter. Contrast with western democracies. 

d. Attempts of the Bolshevists to carry out an inter- 

national social revolution. Effects of this on Rus- 
sian productive industry. 

e. The peasants given control of the land. Overthrow 

of the landed aristocracy. Probable effects of 
this upon the Bolshevists. 

f. Failure of all efforts to overthrow the Soviet govern- 

ment from within or without. 
n. Bolshevist Russia since 1918. 

A. Dictatorship of Lenin and his friends. 

B. Breakdown of transportation and industrial production. 

C. Bolshevist finance. 

D. Treatment of the laborers and peasants. 

E. Religion in Russia. 

F. Bolshevist desire for foreign recognition and trade with the 

outside world. Reasons. 

G. Progress of Bolshevist plans for a world revolution. 

Rkferences : — 

Schapiro, Modern and Contemporary European History, 499-569, 

742-748; Hayes, Political and Social History of Modern Europe, 

II, 37-41, 452-487, ,586-592; Hazen, Europe Since 1815, 645-718. 

Additional References : — 
General Accounts. 

Williams, H. W., Russia of the Russians (Scribner, 1914) (ex- 
cellent, descriptive, not historical) ; Cambridge Modern His- 
tory XII, 294-380, 500-522, 537-602; Skrine, Expansion of 
Russia; Alexinsky, Modern Russia (Scribner, 1914) ; Morfill, 
History of Russia; Douglas, Europe and the Far Eas't; 
Baring, The Russian People, especially. 280-324 ; Kornilov, 
Modern Russian History, especially • II, 249-352. 
Reaction and the Policies of Russification. 

Vinogradoff, lecture 13 in Kirkpatrick, Lectures on the History 
of the Nineteenth Century; Rose, Development 0/ European 
Nations, chapter 11; Finland, in Amcr. Pol. Sei. Rev., vol. 4; 
350-364. Wright, Finland, in Contemporary, vol. 113, 447-452. 
The Industrial Revolution and the Spread of Socialism in Russia. 
flavor, Economic History of Russia, II, 142-187. 368-388; Wal- 
lace, Russia, (1912), ()55-672 ; Alexinsky, Modern Russia, 
97-137. 
The Revolution of 1905. 

Alexinsky, Modern Russia, 244-294; Wallace, Russia. 689-742; 
■ Mavor, Economic History of Russia, TI, 4.37-596. 

61 



Agrarian Reforms. 

Alavor, Economic History of Russia, II, 303-368 ; Lebedoff, 
Abolition of the Russian Mir, in Contemporary, vol. 103; 
81-91; Wallace, Russia, 528-557; Alexinsky, Modern Russia, 
138-154. 

Pan-Slavism. 

Levine, Pan-Slavism and European Politics, in Pol. Sci. Quart., 
voF. 29; 664-684; Seton-Watson, Pan-Slavisut, in Contempo- 
rary, vol. 110, 419-429. 

Russia and the Great War. 

Alexinsky, Russia and the Great War, 123-277; Graham, Russia 
and the Great War; Graham, Russia in ioi6; Simpson, 
Vodka Prohibition and Russian Peasant Life, in Contem- 
porary, vol. 108; 721-740; Jarintzoff, Peasants' Intelligensia. 
in Contemporary, vol. 108; 354-364; Current Hist., vol. 1,. 
831-833. 

The Revolution of 1917. 

Wilton, Dominant Facts in Russia, Edin. Rev. (Jan. 1918), vol. 
227; 131-145; (a good general survey of the causes and char- 
acter of the revolution of 1917) ; Johnston, What Happened 
in Russia, in No. Amer. Rev. (June 1917), vol. 205; 865-873; 
Dillon, The Russian Up'heaval, in Fortnightly (May 1917), 
vol. 101; 727-743; Wilcox, Protopopoff and the Revolution, 
in Fortnightly, July 1917; Vinogradoflf, Some Impressions 
of the RuSisian Revolution in Contemporary (May 1917), vol. 
Ill ; .533-561 ; Vinogradoff, Elements of the Russian Revo- 
lution, in Quart. Rev., July 1017; Rappoport, The Philosophic 
Basis of the Russian Revolution, in Edin. Rev., July, 1917; 
Wilcox, Lenin as Protege of the Old Regime, in Fortnightly 
vol. 103; 500-510; Simpson, The Russian Revolution, in Nine- 
teenth Century, vol. 83 (April 1918). 715-733; Marcossan, 
Rebirth of Russia (Lane) ; Litman, Revolutionary Russia, in 
Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev., vol. 12, (May 1918), 181-191; Wilcox, 
Kerensky and the Revolution, in Atlantic, vol. 120, 693-703; 
Lingelbach, The Russian Revolution and the War, in History 
Teachers' Magasinc, June 1918, pp. 304-312. 

The Bolshevist Revolution, 1917. 

E. H. Wilcox, Russia's Ruin (Chapman & Hall, 1919), reviewed 
in New Europe, May 8, 1919; Van Riper, City Life Under the 
Bolshevists, in Atlantic, vol. 123. 176-187 (a diary of 1917) ; 
Trotzky, Hozi' We Made the October Revolution, in Current 
Hist., vol. 11, 506-514; Geo. Buchanan. The Russian Revo- 
lution, in Fortnightly, Dec. 1918; Wilcox, The Root Causes 
of Russia's Collapse, in Fortnightly, vol. 103. -582 ff. 

The Russian Soviet Form of Government. 

Unfavorable. French, The Soviet System and Ours, in Current 
Hist., vol. 11, 313-324; What Bolshevism Would Mean in 
America, in Current Hist., vol. 11. .324-320; Ross and Perlman, 

62 



Soviet Government in Russia, in Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev., vol. 14, 
317-3'23 ; Crichton, Bolshevism in Theory and Practice, in 
Edin. Rev., vol. 232, 290-306; Gettell, in Amer. Pol Sci. Rev., 
vol. 13, 293-297; Soviet Government, in Edin. Rev., vol. 232, 
49-ti8; J. Spargo, Bolshevism versus Democracy (N. Y., 1919) ; 
Ogg, The Governments of Europe (revised edition, 1920), 
737-754. 
Favorable. Davis, The Russian People and the Soviets, in Nation, 
vol. 109, 345-349; Story, Observations on Soviet Government, 
in Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev., vol. 13, 460-467, Lomonossoff, .^ 
Voice Out of Russia, in Dial, Jan. 25, 1919, pp. 61-66; B. Rus- 
sell, Soviet Russia — 1920, in Nation, July 31— -August 7, 
1920. 
The Fate of the ex-Tsar. 

McCallagh, Vurovsky and the Murder of the Tsar, in Nineteenth 
Century, vol. 88, 377-427. 
Accounts of the General Conditions in Russia, 1919-1920. 

-Ponafidin, Bolshevist Rule in the Country, in Atlantic, vol. 123, 
169-175; Brown, The Moral Issue in Russia, in Atlantic, vol. 
124, 84-94 ; Anickov, An Inside Survey of Soviet Russia, in 
Nezi) Europe, vol. 13, 137-145; The Situation in Russia (June 
1920), in Neiv Europe, vol. 15, 262-263; Soviet Realities, in 
Nczu Europe, vol. 15, 126-132, 157-167. Strunsky, Bolshevik 
Realities and American Fancies, in Century, March 1920, 
679-688; Brailsford, The Russian Communist Party, in Con- 
temporary, vol. 119, 20-32 (Jan. 1921) ; Fay, Moscow Nowa- 
days, (4920) in Atlantic, vol. 127, 555-566. 
The Russian Peasantry under Bolshevism. 

Lawton. The Peasants Under Lenin, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 
88, (Sept. 1920) ; Scudder, The Hope of Russia, in Atlantic, 
vol. 124, 831-837. 
Economic Breakdown of Soviet Russia. 

Sanders, The Bankruptcy of Communism in Russia, in New Eu- 
ropie, vol. 13, 227-230; Economic Results of Bolshevik Rule, 
in New Europe, vol. 14, 107-110; Gade, The Truth About 
Soviet Russia, in Current Hist., vol. 13, 222-229; Nordman, 
The Finances of Russia, in New Europe, vol. 12, 58-61, 89-92 
(excellent) ; Long, The Religion of Poverty in Russia, in 
Fortnightly, vol. 105, 678-695; Respondak, Bolshevik Industry 
and Finance, in Contemporary, February 1920. 
Russia's Need of Trade Relations with Foreign Countries. 

New Europe, vol. 15, 49-52; Future of Russo-German Relations, 
in Fortnightly, vol. 105, 864-878; Reports of Bullitt Mission 
on Russia, in Nation, vol. 109, 475-482. 
The Church in Bolshevist Russia. 

Dukes, The Church in Bolshevist Russia, in New Europe, vol. 14, 
227-232; The Russian Church and the Regeneration of Rus- 
sia, in Neiv Europe, vol. 11, 278-281. 

63 



Diplomatic Relations of Russia and the United States. 

Russian-American Relations, March 1917-1920, Documents and 
Papers; Compiled by C. K. Cummin and W. E. Pettit, (N. Y., 
Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1920). 
Lenin. 

Kuprin, Lenin, in Atlantic, vol. 127, 114-118; Lenin, in Fort- 
nightly, vol. 107, 9-18. 

XIV. THE BALKAN STATES AND THE NEAR EASTERN 
QUESTION. 

1. Causes of the decay of the Ottoman Empire. 

2. The Greek War of Independence. 

A. Causes. 

C. Foreign intervention and the Treaty of London, 1827. 

D. Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829, and its results. 

3. The Crimean War. 

A. Causes. Why the western powers intervened. 

B. Invasion of the Crimea and the Siege of Sebastopul. 

C. The Treaty of Paris, 1856, and the results of the war. 

4. From the Treaty of Paris to the Treaty of Berlin. 

A. Causes and events leading to the re-opening of the Eastern 

Question in 1875-1876. 

B. Russo-Turkish War of 1877. The allies of Russia. The 

Treaty of San Stefano. 

C. The Congress of Berlin. 

a. Opposition to the Treaty of San Stefano. 

b. Negotiations at Berlin. 

c. Provisions of the Treaty of Berlin* and its results. 

5. The Balkan States up to 1912. 

A. Bulgarian history since 1878. 

B. Roumania and Servia since 1878. 

C. Greece since 1833. 

D. Rivalries of the Balkan States. 

6. The revolution of 1908 in Turkey. 

A. Causes and events. 

B. Results. 

a. Apparent liberalization of Turkish institutions. 

b. Attitude of foreign powers. 

c. Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina. 

d. Bulgaria declares her independence. The postpone- 

ment of satisfaction for the Serbian grievances. 

C. Counter-revolution of April 1909. Recovery of the Young 

Turks and results. 

7. Italy's war for Tripoh, 1911-1912. 

8. The Balkan Wars of 1912-1913. 

A. The war between the Balkan .Allies and the Turks. 

a. Causes. 

b. Rapid victories of the allies. Reasons. 

c. Terms of the treaty of peace, May 30, 1918. 

64 



B. The war between the Balkan Allies, 1913. 

a. Causes. The grievances of the Serbians and the Bul- 

garians. The share of Austria in bringing about 
the second struggle. 

b. Events. Why Roumania entered the war. 

c. Terms of peace. 

d. Results of the Balkan Wars, 

(1) Military increases among the great powers. 

Why? 

(2) Set-back to German and Austrian plans for 

domination of the Near East. 

(3) Unsatisfactory nature of the settlement be- 

tween the Balkan states. Dangers of future 
wars. 

(4) How the Balkan Wars helped bring about the 

great European 'war of 1914. 
9. Effects of the Great War in the Near East (to be treated laterj. 

References : — 

Hayes, Political and Social History of Modern Europe, II, 490-539; 

Schapiro, Modern and Contemporary European History, 621-649 ; 

Hazen, Europe since 1S15, 601-644; Cambridge Modern History, 

XII, 381-428. 
General Accounts. 

The best general account of the Near Eastern Question is Mar- 
riott, The Eastern Question (Oxford Press, 1917), especially 
pp. 253-444. Gibbons, The New Map of Europe, 131-367, is a 
good journalistic account of recent aspects of the Near East- 
ern Question. Briefer accounts are Jacob G. Schurman, The 
Balkan Wars, 1912-1913, and F. F. Urquhart, The Eastern 
Question (Oxford Pamphlets, No. 17). Seton-Watson, R. 
W., The Rise of Nationality in the Balkans (London, Con- 
stable, 1917) is thorough and reliable. Newbiggin, Geograph- 
ical Aspects of Balkan Problems in Their Relation to the 
Great European War (Putnam 1915) is good. 

Special Topics : — 

The Making of Roumania. 

Alarriott, The Easter)i Question, 2-")3-273. 
Recent Development of Roumania. 

Marriott, The Roumanian Factor in the Problem of the Near 
East, in Edin. Rev. vol. 224, 150-170; Battine, Bulgaria and 
Roumania, in Fortnightly, vol. 94; 699-707; Roumania and Her 
New Territories, in Contemporary, vol. 106, 20-25 ; Vivian, 
After the War, in Fortnightly, vol. 93, 312-321; Ron- 
mania's Attitude and Position, in Fortnightly', vol. 98; 1067- 
1078; Barker, Roumania and the Peace of Europe, in iVur<?- 
teenth Century, vol. 73, 548-563; Miller, The Ottoman Empire 
(1801-1913), 319-331, 463-466. 

65 



Recent Development of Bulgaria. 

Marriott, The Eastern Question, 307-320; Campbell, Ferdinand, 
Tsar of the Bulgarians, in Fortnightly, vol. 95, 50-68; Bat- 
tine, Bulgaria and Roumania. in Fortnightly, vol. 94, G99-707. 
Recent Serbia. 

A. H. E. Taylor, The Future of the Southern Slavs, 64-104; Bul- 
lard. Diplomacy of the Great War, 129-131 ; Temperley, His- 
tory of Serbia (Macmillan 1917) (goes only to 1910) ; Tre- 
velyan, Serbia Revisited, in Contemporary, vol. 107; '273-282 ; 
Smith, The Strength of Serbia, in Contemporary, vol. 107; 
515-520; The Greater Servia Idea, in World's Worh, Sept. 
1914, pp. 129-131 ; Trevelyan, Serbia and Southeastern Eiirop^e, 
in Atlantic, vol. 116; 119-127; Bennett, Some Recent Expe- 
riences in Serbia (1915), in Nineteenth Century, vol. 78; 548- 
562; Stead, Servia of the Ser%'ians, 46-67, 306-320, 354-366. 
Greece. 

Marriott, The Eastern Question, 321-339; Forbes, The Balkans. 
208-250; Abbott, Greece in Evolution, 69-96, 197-216; Martin, 
Greece in the Tzventieth Century; Greece and King George, in 
Quart. Rev., vol. 212 ; 513-537 ; Marriott, The Hellenic Factor 
in the Near East, in Edin. Rev. (January 1916), vol. 223; 
21-40. 

Turkey and Its People. 

Pears, E., Turkey and Its People (London, Methuen 1912) ; Bliss, 
in Contemporary, 113; 51-55.' 
Abdul Hamid and his reign. 

Cardashian, Ottoman Empire in the Nineteenth Century, 91-112; 
Eliot, Turkey in Europe, 3-14, 123-154; Pears, Forty Vears in 
Constautinople, 102-]20; Pears, Turkcv and the Turks, 373- 
396. 

Armenia. 

Cardashian, Ottoman. Empire in the Nineteenth Century, 139-142; 
Eliot, Turkey in Europe, 382-414 ; Pears, Forty Years in Con- 
stantinople, 144-169; Pears, Turkey and the Turks, 270-295; 
Bryce (ed.) Treatment of Armenia in the Ottoman Empire, 
607-626; Woods, Danger Zone of Europe. 120-188 (Massa- 
cres of 1909). 

The Revolutions of 1908 and 1909. 

The New Era in Turkey, in Edin, Rev. (Oct. 1908), vol. 208; 
487-528; Dillon, The Reforming Turk, in Quarterly Rev. (Jan- 
uary 1909), vol. 210; 231-253; Pears, Forty Years in Con- 
stantinople, 218-296; Knight, The Aivakening of Turkey; 
Buxton, Turkey in Revolution; Abbott, Turkey in Transition : 
Ramsay, The Revolution of April iQog in Constantinople. 

The Young Turk Movement. 

E. Pears, Rise. Decline and Fall of Youtig Turkey, in Contempo- 
rary, vol. 115, 264-272. . 



Blundering Policies of the Young Turks, 1908-1911. 

Gibbons, The New Map of Europe, 180-240; Woods, The Danger 
Zone of Europe, 19-86. Pears, in Contemporary, vol. 97 ; 
692-716; vol. 100; 11-30. Buxton. Youiuj Turkey after Two 
Years, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 69; 417-432; Woods, The 
Situation in Turkey, in Fortnightly, vol. 91, 334-346; Brails- 
ford Albanians, Turks and Russians, in Contemporary, vol. 
100; 321-330; Sokolovitch, The Albanian Question, in Fort- 
nightly, vol. 92; 448-463; Woods, The Danger Zone of Eu- 
rope, 189-214 (Asia Minor) ; Pears, Turkey and the Turks. 
246-269 (Asia Minor). 

Racial Problems in Macedonia. 

Gibbons, New Map of Europe, 161-17!); Marriott, Eastern Ques- 
tion, 361-369; A. H. E. Taylor, The Future of the Southern 
Slavs, 200-220; Bullard, Diplomacy of the Great War. 135- 
140; Brailsford, Macedonia, 4-41, 76-110, 290-326; Eliot, Tur- 
key in Europe, 317-338, 370-379, 426-435 ; Villari, The Balkan 
Question, 44-166; Pears, Turkey and the Turks, 196-245; 
Carnegie Report on the Balkan Wars, 21-37. 

The War between Italy and Turkey, 1911-1912. 

Gibbons, Neru Map of Europe, 241-262; Contemporary, February 
1912, and later discussions by E. J. Dillon under the heading 
"Foreign Affairs" in the same review; Nineteenth Century, 
vol. 71; 1216-1229. 

Causes of the First Balkan War. 

Gibbons, New Map of Europe, 194-214, 220-240, 263-274 ; Schur- 
man, The Balkan Wars, 30-48; Dillon, Foreign Affairs, in 
Contemporary, vol. 102; 715-736; Fortnightly, vol. 92; 813- 
825, vol. 93; 430-439; Quarterly Rev., vol. 218, 278-298; Barker, 
The War in the Balkans, in Fortnightly; vol. 92, 813-825; 
The Balkan League; History of Its Formation, in Fortnightly, 
vol. 93, 430-439; Tonioroff. The Balkan War, in Nor. Amer. 
Rev., vol. 196, 721-730. 

Events of the First Balkan War. 

Gibbons, Neiv Map of Europe, 274-318; The Strategy of the 
Balkan War, in Quarterly Rev., vol. 218; 255-277; Con- 
temporary, vol. 102, 761-776; vol. 103, 1-11; No. Amer. Rev.. 
vol. 196, 721-739; vol. 197, 112-135; Bennett. The Turkish 
Point of View, in Edin. Rev., vol. 217. 278-2!)6. See also the 
Year Books and indexes to periodicals for the year 1913. 

Causes of War between the Balkan Allies, 1913. 

Gibbons, Nezv Map of Eurrpe, 319-330; Schurmi^;i, The Balkan 
Wars, 63-108 ; Dillon. Foreign Affairs, in Contemporary, vol. 
103, 565-585; Bullard, TAr Diplomacy of the Great War, 
143-146. 

The Second Balkan War, 1913, and the Treaty of Bucharest. 

Gibbons, Netv Map of Europe. 331-350; Schurman, The Balkan 
Wars, 107-131 ; Dillon, Foreign Affairs, in Contemporary. 
67 



vol. 104 ; 258-280, 413-432, and vol. 106, 109-128 ; Wallis, Bul- 
garia and Her Traduccrs, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 74, 
1342-1356. 

XV. THE EXPANSION OF EUROPE — THE ERA OF THE NEW 
NATIONAL IMPERIALISM. 

1. Ideals of the New Imperialism. Its motives. 

A. Economic. 

B. Patriotic. 

C. Religious. 

2. European Expansion into Asia. 

A. The practical break-up and awakening of the Chinese 

Empire. 

a. How China was opened up to European influences. 

b. Beginning of the break-up of China. The loss of 

a fringe of lands around the empire. 

c. Russia, France, and Germany dispossess Japan of 

most of her gains from the Chino-Japanese War, of 
1804-1895. 

d. The Russo-Japanese War gives Japan a share of the 

spoils of China. 

e. The awakening of China since 1898. The revolution 

of 1911-1912 results in the establishment of a 
republic. 

B. The awakening of Japan and the rise of Japanese im- 

perialism. 

a. The opening of Japan by Perry, 1853, and the revolu- 

tion of 1868. 

b. The Europeanization of Japan. 

(1) Constitutional government. 

(2) The industrial 'revolution. 

(3) Rise of Japanese imperialism. 

(a) The war with China, 1894-1895, and 

its results. 

(b) The Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905. 

(c) Alliance with Great Britain, 1902. 

(d) Annexation of Korea, 1910. 

C. Russian expansion in Asia. 

a. Occupation of Siberia and Manchuria. 

b. Occupation of the Caspian region and Turkestan. 

c. Extension of Russian and British influence in Persia. 

The treaty of 1907 delimiting spheres of influence 
in Persia. 

D. German expansion in .\sia Alinor and Alesopotaniia. 

E. What the different Knrnpean states held in .'\sia in 1914. 

The rival empires. 

68 



3. The Europeanization of the American Continents. 

A. The United States becomes a world power. 

a. Preparations. Territorial expansion up to 1898. The 

industrial revolution and its effects. Compare with 
those in Europe. 

b. Acquisitions of the United States since 1898. 

c. Spread of American "protecting influence" over lands 

not annexed. The character and influence of the 
Monroe Doctrine. The Panama Canal. 

B. The Latin American States. 

a. How their independence was won. 

b. Economic dependence upon Europe and United States 

and its effects. 

4. The Partition of Africa. 

A. Early rivalry of the Portuguese, Dutch, and the British in 

getting trading stations on the coasts of Africa. 

B. Explorations of Livingstone and Stanley. 

C. Leopold II and the Belgian Congo. Why developed? 

Character of the government. 

D. Liideritz and Cecil Rhodes and their acquisitions. 

E. Great international agreements for the division of African 

territories. 

F. The holdings of the various imperial powers in Africa in 

1914 and their value. 

5. The Indian Empire. 

A. Geographical divisions. Size. Population. 

B. How the empire was won by the British. 

C. Its government. 

(1) Government by the Company up to 1858. 

(2) The Great Mutiny. 1857, and its effects. 

(3) The system of government since 1858. The India 

Councils Act of 1909. 

(4) The Government of India Act, December 1919. 

D. Advantages of India to Great Britain and of British rule to 

the people of India. 

6. Advantages and disadvantages of colonial empires to the common 

people at home. Do colonies pay? 

References : — 

Hayes, Political and Social History of Modern Europe. II, 546-596 ; 

600-675 ; Hazen, Europe since 1815, 681-705, 550-563, 518-549. 
W. R. Shepherd, Latin America, and H. H. Johnston, The Opening 
Up of Africa, in the Home University Library are good brief 
accounts. Gibbons. The Nezv Map of Africa (Century Co. 1916), 
is a fuller account of the partition of Africa. 
69 



XVI. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (1871-1^14) AND THE 
CAUSES OF THE GREAT EUROPEAN WAR OF 1914. 

1. Growth of desire for peace and efforts to secure and maintain 

European peace since 1815. 

A. The Concert of Europe, Its work for international peace. 

B. Growth of popular internationalism. Cases of arbitration 

of disputes and making of arbitration treaties. 

C. The Hague Peace Conferences, 1899 and 1907. 

2. Serious obstacles to this international pacifism. 

A. Growth of intense nationalism and uncritical patriotism. 

Desire of the newer nations to satisfy their ambitions 
at the expense of those that had an earlier start, es- 
pecially : — 

a. Germany. 

(1) German demands for "a place in the sun". 

(2) The German biological argument for war. 

(3) German belief in their mission to conquer the 

world. 

b. Italy. 

c. The Balkan nations. 

B. Imperial rivalries. Objects of the leading powers. 

a. German imperialism. 

(1) Grievances of the Germans. 

(2) Extension of German influence in the Near 

East and in Asia Minor. The Bagdad 
Railway. 

(3) The "Middle Europe" project. (See Nau- 

mann. Central Europe). 
h. Great Britain. 

(1) Causes of friction with Germany, 1900-1914. 

(2) The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902 and the 

Far Eastern policies of the British. 
c. Interests of France and the other powers. 

C. Defective settlements of nineteenth century problems. 

a. Alsace Lorraine. 

b. Ireland. 

c. Poland. 

d. The racial problems of Austria-Hungary, especially 

the South Slavs and the Italians. 

e. The Roumanians of Russia. 

f. Problems of the Turks in Europe and the disposition 

of the Balkan lands. 

D. Militaristic agitation of particular classes and the rapid 

growth of national armaments after 1862. 

a. Capitalist demands for better preparation for war. 

b. General adoption of universal military service. 

c. Preparation of detailed plans for mobilization. 

70 



(1. The naval rivalry between Germany and Great Britain. 

Which was in the right? 
e. The great military increases of the year 1913 and 
their effects. Special military and economic prepa- 
rations made by Germany. 
E. "Scientific" justifications of nationalism and militarism. 
Spread of the cult of force. 
The hegemony, of Germany, 1871-1890. How Bismarck isolated 
France and prevented a war of revenge. 

A. Dangers to Germany in the early years of the empire. 

B. How Bismarck evaded these dangers. 

C. Formation of the Triple Alliance, 1882. 

a. Steps leading to it. 

(1) Russo-German Entente broken, 1876-1879. 

(2) Austro-German Alliance, 1879. 

(a) Causes, (b) Terms, (c) Advantages 
to each power. 

(3) Motives leading Italy to join. 

b. Terms of the alliance. 

c. Effects. Its history and importance since 1882. 

d. Bismarck's "Riickversicherungsvertrag" (Reinsurance 

Compact) with Russia, 1885. 
Balance of the Great Powers, 1890-1914. Formation of the Triple 
Entente. 

A. The Franco-Russian Alliance (1892) checks the German 

hegemony. 

a. Reasons for its formation. 

b. Its influence. 

B. The Franco-British Entente Cordiale, 1904. 

a. Reasons for its establishment. 

b. Terms and influence. 

C. Russia joins the Entente. The Russo-British agreement of 

1907 delimiting spheres of influence in Persia. 

D. The Triple Entente powers reach out to make further 

friendships. 
• a. Franco-Italian Rapprochement (1898, °1900, and 1902) 
and its effects. 

b. Franco-Spanish Rapprochement (1904) and its effects. 

c. Russo-Japanese agreement of 1910. 

E. Results of these diplomatic arrangements. 

a. Union of all the great imperial powers except Ger- 

many. Underlying basis of their agreement. Ex- 
tent to which the United States may have been 
committed to these policies. 

b. Why Germany was not taken into this combination. 

Importance of this decision on the world's peace. 

71 



c. Willingness of Britain to conciliate Germany shown 
by:- 

(1) Proposal not to make or join in any unpro- 

voked attack on. Germany. 

(2) Proposed treaties regarding the Portuguese 

colonies. 

(3) Proposed treaty regarding the Bagdad Rail- 

way. 
5. Efforts of Germany to break this combination and strengthen her 
.position, and the resulting international crises. 

A. Attempt of Germany to form a secret alliance with Russia 

and France against Britain (iy04-l!,t05). (See War En- 
.cyclopedia, under "Willy and Nicky Correspondence.") 

B. The crises concerning Morocco. 

a. First Moroccan crisis, iy05-lHO(J. 

(1) William II at Tangier. 
- (2) Resignation at Delcasse. 
(3) The Algeciras Congress and the outcome. 

b. Second Moroccan crisis; the af¥air of Casablanca, 

1908. 

c. The third Moroccan crisis, ll'll. 

(1) Causes. 

(2) The German Warship Pantlier at Adagir. Ob- 

jects of Germany. 

(3) Attitude of Great Britain and its eflfects on 

the financial situation in Germany. 

(4) The Franco-German Convention of 1911. 

C. Crises concerning the Near East. 

a. The annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Aus- 

tria-Hungary, 1908. 

(1) Eflfects on Serbia. 

(2) Germany forces the submission of Russia. 

(3) Attitude of France and Great Britain. 

(4) Effects on German plans for the future. 

b. Second Near Eastern Crisis : — The Italian War for 

Tripoli. How it disturbed the international situa'- 
tion. 

c. The Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 and their results. De- 

termination of Austria-Hungary to humble Serbia 
at the first opportunity. Evidence. 

D. Effects of these frequently recurring crises. How they 

prepared for the Great War. 
6. Immediate causes of the outbreak of the Great War. 

A. Assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, June 28, 
1914. 

a. Who was responsible for the crime? 

b. Why it aroused such exceptional indignation in Aus- 

tria and Germany. 

72 



B. Peremptory ultimatum of Austria-Hungary to Serbia, July 

23, 1914. 

a. Its demands. 

b. The Serbian reply. Was it adequate? 

c. Why this was likely to bring on war. 

d." What the various diplomats did to prevent war. 
e. The German attitude toward the problem and why it 
was adopted. 

C. Austrian declaration of war on Serbia, July 28, 1914, and 

its results. 

D. Secret steps toward mobilization taken by the Russian army 

chiefs, taken without the Tsar's knowledge. Trick by 
which Russian mobilization orders were secured from the 
Tsar. 

E. German ultimatum to Russia followed by declaration of 

war against Russia, August 1, 1914. Was the war in- 
evitable before this declaration? Reasons. 

F. Germany demands, August 1, 1914, that France state what 

policy will be adopted. After giving a non-committal 
answer, France orders general mobilization, August 1, 
1914. 
E. Attitude adopted by Great Britain and Italy, and their 
reasons. 

G. The beginning of the war. German invasion of Luxemburg 

(August 2), Belgium (August 3), and France (August 2, 
1914). German declaration of war on France, August 3, 
1914. 
Great Britain enters the war. 

A. Why Great Britain seemed likely to remain neutral. 

B. Refusal to take sides till the last moment. Motives. 

C. Reasons which might lead Great Britain to enter the war. 

German proposals for British neutrality in the war and 
the British answer. 

D. The question of the neutrality of Belgium, 

a. Treaties and agreements for the maintenance of Bel- 

gian neutrality in the past. 

b. Why Britain was so determined to keep Belgian neu- 

trality. 

c. Britain demands of France and Germany an under- 

taking not to violate Belgian neutrality in the war 
about to begin. The answers of those powers. 

d. Germany demands a free passage through Belgium. 

Terms and reasons alleged for the demand. The 
real reasons. 

e. German invasion of Belgium leads Britain to declare 

war on Germany, August 4, 1914. 

73 



8. The Responsibility for the War. 

A. Extent to which Serbia was blameworthy. 

B. Austrian and German responsibility. 

C. Was Russia to blame? 

D. How could Britain and France have prevented the war? 

E. Which powers were best prepared for war in August 1914? 

Which powers were less adequately prepared to fight 
at that time? Had the outbreak of war been avoided 
in August, 1014, is it at all probable that the underlying 
causes would have been eliminated within the next 
year or two? Which power made the greatest efforts 
to secure a peaceful settlement or at least delay to 
enable some peaceful decision to be arrived at? Which 
power or powers impetuously brooked no delay? 

References : — 

Seymour, Diplomatic Background of the War; Schapiro, Modern and 
Contemporary European History, 684-725 ; Holt and Chilton, 
History of Europe, 1862-1894; PP. 281-580; Bullard, The Diplo- 
macy of the Great War, 1-160; Hayes, Political and Social His- 
tory of Modern Europe, II, 687-719. 

Additional References : — 
Alsace-Lorraine. 

See pages 52-53. 
The Polish Problem. 

See page 53. 
Unredeemed Italy. 

Gibbons, New Map of Europe, 119-130; Dillon, Italy and the 
Second Phase of the War, in Contemporary, vol. 107, 715-732; 
Gayda, Modern Austria, 11-45. 
German World Policy and Ambitions. 

Notestein and Stoll, Conquest and Kultur. Aims of the Germans 
in Their Own Words. (Issued by the Committee on Public 
Information, Washington, D. C.) ; Dawson, What is Wrong 
With Germany? 131-191 ; Seymour, Diplomatic Background 
of the War, 61-88; Gibbons, Neiv Map of Europe, 21-57; 
Fife, The German Empire Betzveen Tzvo Wars, 72-97 ; Von 
Bijlow, Imperial Germany, 1-123 ; Bordon, The German 
Enigma; Cramb, Germany and England, 1-152; Schmitt, Ger- 
many and England. 70-89, 96-115; Usher, Pan-Germanism, 
19-173, 230-250. 
Changed Spirit of Modern Germany. The Philosophical Basis of 
Imperialism. 

Seymour, Diplomatic Background of the War, 89-115; Dawson, 
What Is Wrong With Germany, 1-69 ; Dawson, Evolution of 
Modern Germany, pp. 1-16 and chapters 17-20 ; Von Bern- 
hardi, Germany and the Next War, 1-166, 283-288; Vernon 
Kellogg, Headquarters Nights, in Atlantic, vol. 120; 145-154, 

74 



and At Von Bissing's Headquarters, in Atlantic, vol. 120; 
433-444; Gooch, German Theories of the State, in Contem- 
porary, vol. 107, 743-753 ; B. E. Schmitt, England and Ger- 
many, 70-95, 154-172 ; Cramb, Germany and England, 1-108 ; 
Baker, Nietzsche and Treitschkc — The Worship of Fewer in 
Modern Germany (Oxford Pamphlets, No. 20) ; Ramsay, 
Confessions of a Peace Maker, in Nineteenth Century, 83; 
637-654. 

The German Bagdad Railway Plans. 

Schmitt, England and Germany, 253-279, 297-301 ; Gibbons, New 
Map of Europe, 58-70; M. Jastrow, The War and the Bag- 
dad Railway, 82-121 ; Johnston, African and Eastern Rail- 
way Schemes, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 72 ; 558-569 ; 
O'Connor, The Bagdad Railway, in Fortnightly, vol. 95, 201- 
216; Marriott, Factors in the Problem of the New East, in 
Fortnightly, vol. 99, 943-953; Hossain, Turkey and German 
Capitalists, in Contemporary, vol. 107, 487-494; Chirol, Turkey 
in the Grip of Germany, in Quart. Rev., vol. 222, 231-251. 

Reasons for the Cooling Anglo-German Friendship. 

Bullard, The Diplomacy of the Great War, 54-68, 24-35; Gib- 
bons, New Map of Europe, 21-57 ; Brooks, England and Ger- 
many, in Atlantic, vol. 105, 616-627; Barker, Modern Ger- 
many, 115-173, 241-269 ; Schmitt, England and Germany, 139- 
218; Fife, The German Empire Between Two Wars, 50-97; 
Usher, Pan^Germanistn, 1-47, 116-127; H. H. Johnston, Britain 
and Germany; German Vieivs of an Anglo-German Under- 
standing, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 68, 978-987 ; O. Eltz- 
bacher. The Anti-British Movement in Germany, in Nine- 
teenth Century, vol. 52, 190-200 (August 1902) ; Baron Mar- 
shall and the Anglo-German Differences, in Fortnightly, vol. 
91, 995-1010; Mead, England and Germany, in Atlantic, vol. 
101, 397-407. 

Large Army Increases of Recent Years and the Reasons for Them. 
Dillon, Cost of the Armed Peace, in Contemporary, vol. 105, 413- 
421 ; Brooks, Changing Armaments of Europe, in No. Amer. 
Rev., vol. 197, 604-614; Barker, The Armament Race, in 
Fortnightly, vol. 93, 654-668; Barker, Changing of the Balance 
of Power, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 73, 1193-1211; Mal- 
lock, The War Strength of Germany, Great Britain, and 
France, in Fortnightly, vol. 97, 631-643; Huidekoper, The 
Armies of Europe, in World's Work, September 1914, 22-49; 
Schmitt, England and Germany, 51-69; C. Altschul, German 
Militarism and Its German Critics (Published by the Com- 
mittee on Public Information, Washington, D. C.) 

The Naval Rivalry Between Germany and Great Britain. 
The German Point of View. 

Delbriick, Why Does Germany Build Warships? in Contem- 

75 



porary, vol. 96, 401-410; Roberts, Monarchical Socialism in 
Germany, 153-167. 

The British Imperialist Point of View. 

Colquhoun, The New Balance of Power in Europe, in No. Amer. 
Rev., vol. 191 ; 18-28 ; Hurd & Castle, German Sea Power, 
108-286; Are Navy Estimates of £30,000,000 Justified t in Fort- 
nightly, vol. 94, 1057-1073; Hurd, The Dominions and the 
Comuiand of the Sea, in Fortnightly, vol. 96, 242-254; Barker, 
Modern Germany, 241-269, 324-344. 

The British Pacifist Point of View. 

Ponsonby, Foreign Policy and the Navy, in Contemporary, vol. 
102, 305-310; The Balance of Potver in Europe, in Fortnightly, 
vol. 94, 434-447. 

Historical Facts. 

Hurd, How England Prepared for War, in Fortnightly, vol. 96, 
406-420; The Nazy and the Future, in Edin. Rev., vol. 219, 
448-468. 

German Foreign Policy, 1871-1890. The Formation of the Triple 

Alliance. 

Cambridge Modern History, XII, 134-145, 158-162; Seymour, Dip- 
lomatic Background of the War, 12-37; Pribam, The Triple 
Alliance, in Atlantic, February 1920; Rose, Development of 
the European Nations, II, 1-28 ; Bullard, Diplomacy of the 
Great War, 1-23; Tardieu, France and the Alliances, 123-146. 

The Dual Alliance : France and Russia. 

Bullard, Diplomacy of the Great War, 38-44 ; Seymour, Diplomatic 
Background of the War, 38-60 ; Tardieu, France and the 
Alliances, 1-34; Tardieu, Republic and Monarchy, Fifteen 
Years of French Diplomacy, in No. Amer. Rev.., vol. 187, 
533-542; Rose, Development of the European Nations, II, 
28-43. 

The Franco-British Entente Cordiale and the Morocco Crisis of 1905. 
Bullard, Diplomacy of the Great War, 46-53, 69-101 ; Seymour, 
Diplomatic Background of the War, 140-176; Schmitt, Eng- 
land and Germany, 219-238; Sir Thomas Barclay, Thirty 
Years — Anglo-French Reminiscences, 175-326; Garvin, Im- 
perial and Foreign Affairs, in Fortnightly, vol. 87, 987-1005 ; 
Tardieu, France and the Alliances, 35-80, 170-209 ; Garvin, 
King Edzuard VU and His Reign, in Fortnightly, vol. 88, 
988-1005 ; Dillon, The Germanization of Europe, in Contem- 
porary, vol. 89; 576-588 (April. 1906). 

The Anglo-Russian Understanding. 

Tardieu, Prance and the Alliances, 230-265. 

The Triple Entente and the Morocco Crisis of 1911. 

Bullard, Diplomacy of the Great War, 102-123 ; Seymour, Diplo- 
matic Background of the War, 182-193 ; Schmitt, England and 
Germany, 238-2-52, -302-357; Cheradame, The Strength and 

76 



Weakness of the Triple Entente, in Quar. Rev., vol. 215 ; 244- 
262; Great Britain and Europe, in Edin. Rev., vol. 216, 243- 
262; Morel, The Recent Franco-German Crisis, in Nineteenth 
Century, vol. 72, 32-43. 

The Crisis of 1908 in the Near East. The Annexation of Bosnia by 
Austria. 
Dillon, Foreign Affairs, in Contemporary, vol. 95, 619-638, 492- 
510; Fortnightly, vol. S"), 224-234, 1-18, 820-822; Austria — 
Disturber of the Peace, in Fortnightly, vol. 93, 249-264, 
598-602; Colquhoun, The New Balance of Power, in No. 
Amer. Rev., vol. 191, 18-28; Bullard, Diplomacy of the Great 
War, 113-118; Schmitt, England and Germany, 279-297; Sey- 
mour, Diplomatic Background of the War, 176-182. 

The Movement for More Friendly Relations between England and 
Germany, 1911-1914. 

Schmitt, England and Germany, 343-357, 366-377 ; Stowell, The 
Diplomacy of the War of 1914, 562-571 ; H. H. Johnston, 
German Views of an Anglo-German Understanding, in Nine- 
teenth Century, vol. 68, 978-987 ; Brooks, England, Germany, 
and Common Sense, in Fortnightly, vol. 91, 147-159; European 
Reconstruction and British Policy, in Edin. Rev., vol. 217, 
217-237. 

The German Propaganda in Various Countries. 

Melville, German Propagandist Societies, in Quar. Rev., 230 
(July, 1918) 70-88 ; Makgill, Germany's Friends in England, 
in Nineteenth Century, 83; 685-697; Colles, The German Oc- 
topus, in Nineteenth Century, 83; 125-137; Gibbons, The 
Menace of "Paragraph Tiuenty-five," in No. Amer. Rev.. 205 ; 
560-565; Demetra Vaka, In The Heart of German Intrigue 
(Houghton, Mifflin) (German propaganda in Greece and the 
Balkans). 

The German Propagarlda in the United States. 

Jones, J. P., America Entangled (Laut, 1917) ; Skaggs, W. H., 
The German Conspiracies in America, (London, Unwin, 
1915) ; Ohlinger, The German Propaganda in the United 
States, in Atlantic, vol. 117, 535-547; Niebuhr, The Failure 
of German-Americanism, in Atlantic, vol. 118, 13-18; F. P. 
Olds, "Kultur" in American Politics, in .Atlantic, vol. 118, 382- 
391, and The Disloyalty of the German-American Press, in 
Atlantic, vol. 120, 136-140. 

The Trick by Which Russia Was Led to Order Mobilization First. 
Dillon, E. J., England and Germany, 99-107. 

Immediate Causes of the Outbreak of War. 

The story of the diplomatic negotiations just preceding the outbreak 
of the war is told in partisan fashion by the otificial documents published 
by most the warring states. Collected Diplomatic Documents Relating to 
the Outbreak of the European War" (published by Harrison and Sons, 

77 



London) gives much of this material. Most of them were printed by the 
Nezv York Times (in supplements to or parts of the Sunday editions, and 
also in the Times Current History of the War), and by the American 
Association for International Conciliation, 407 West 117th St., New York 
City. 

This diplomatic correspondence has been reviewed, summarized, and 
criticized by many writers. Some of these are C. Oman, The Outbreak 
of the War of 1914-1918, London, 1920 ; E. C. Stowell, The Diplomacy of 
the War of 1914, vol. 1 (1915) ; Wm. Archer, The Thirteen Days, July 23- 
August 4, 1914; J. W. Headlam, History of Twelve Days, July 24 to 
August 4, 19T4; and Chitwood, O. P., The Immediate Causes of the Great 
War. Two surveys of the diplomatic evidence hostile to the German 
government are /' Accuse, by a German and J. M. Beck, The Evidence 
in the Case. During the war the United States Government maintained 
a Committee on Public Information which published a number of propa- 
ganda pamphlets. Some of the best of these are War Encyclopedia; 
Notestein and Stoll, Conquest and Kultur, Aims of the Germans in Their 
Own Words; Munro, Sellery, and Krey, German War Practices; The 
President's Flag Day Speecli; and Hazen, The Government of Germany. 

Much reference material was published by the History Teachers' 
Magazine in its war supplements, especially Harding, Topical Outline of 
the War, in History Teachers' Magazine, January, 1918, pp. 30-62 (pub- 
lished separately by the McKinley Publishing Co., Philadelphia, under the 
title The Study of the Great War) ; and Butcher, A Selected Critical 
Bibliography of the War, in History Teachers' Magazine, March, 1918, 
pp. 155-183. 

Since the close of the war much new evidence has been brought to 
light especially in Germany and Austria. The Russian revolutionists also 
made public much correspondence of the old imperial government. Ger- 
man leaders fallen from power have begun to write their apologies and 
justifications in the form of memoirs. Good accounts of this material 
are to be found in Schmitt, The German War Lords on Their Defense, 
in Pol. Sci. Quart., vol. 35, 440-456; Tramontana, Some New Sources of 
European History, in New Europe, vol. 13, 178-181, 210-212, 388-341; 
Gordon, How the Great War Broke Out, in Contemporary, vol. 118, 522- 
530; Barthou, Evidences of Germany's Guilt, in Cur. Hist., vol. 11, 78-85; 
Official Minutes of the Austro-Hungarian Council that Decided to Force 
War on Serbia, in Cur. Hist., vol. 455-460 ; The War Guilt of Count 
Brechtold, in C^lr. Hist., vol. 12, 157-159. The best summary of new con- 
clusions based on this material is given by Fay, Nezv > Light on the Ori- 
gins of the World War, in Amer. Hist. Rev., vol. 25, 616-639, vol. 26, 37-53, 
225-254. 

SOME SPECIAL TOPICS. 

The Problem of Belgian Neutrality. 

Stowell, Diplomacy of the War of 1914, 371-456; Headlam, His- 
tory of Twelve Days, 346-389; Beck, The Evidence in the 
Case, 196-245 ; Walter Littlefield, Germany's Strategic Rail- 

78 



ways, in New York Times Current History, vol. 1, 1000-1004 ; 
Boulger, The Dutxh-Gennan Raihvays, in Nineteenth Cen- 
tury, 83 (June ini8), pp. 1116-1124; Germany vs. Belgium — 
Case of the Military Documents Presented by Both Sides, 
in New York Times Current History, vol. 1, 1101-1119. 

Who Was Responsible for Beginning the War? 

Fay, New Light on the Origins of the World War, in Amer. Hist. 
Rev., vol. 25, 616-639 ; vol. 26, 37-53, 225-254 and other articles 
on new evidence listed above ; Stowell, Diplomacy of the War 
of 1914, 476-529; J' Accuse, 70-352; H. W. Steed, The Pact 
of Konopisht, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 79, 252-273 ; War 
Encyclopedia, under "Mobilization Controversy," "War, Re- 
sponsibility for,'" and elsewhere ; Prince Lichnowsky, My Mis- 
sion to London, 1912-1914 (N. Y. ; George H. Doran Co.); 
Les Revelations du Prince Lichnowsky (Payot et Cie., Paris) ; 
Viscount Bryce, Prince LicJmowsky's Memorandum, in Living 
Age, vol. 10; 713-718; H. W. Wilson, New Light on Ger- 
many's Treachery, in Nineteenth Century. (June 1917), vol. 
81 ; 1204-1214 ; J. M. Robertson, German Truth and a Matter 
of Fact, (Unwin, London, 1917) ; Harding, Topical Outline 
of the War, in History Teachers' Magazine. January 1918, 
pp. 41-47; Passelecq, The German Chancellor, in Nineteenth 
Century, vol. 81; 1148-1156; W. H. Dawson, The New Orien- 
tation in Germany, in Contemporary (December 1917) and 
The Allies and the Supreme Issue, in Contemporary, 113 ; 
484-494. 

Good brief surveys of the causes of the war are, Hayes. The War of 
the Nations, in Political Science Quarterly, vol. 29, 687-707; Munroe 
Smith, Military Strategy versus Diplomacy, in Political Science Quarterly, 
vol. 30, 37-81 ; E. R. Turner, The Causes of the Great War, in American 
Political Science Rev., vol. 9, 16-35. 

XVII. MAIN EVENTS OF THE WAR OF 1914. 

1. The first seven months of the war, (autumn and winter 1914-1915). 
A. The great German offensive on the West. 

a. The invasion of Belgium and Northea$tern France 

up to the battle of the Marne, August 4-September 
5, 1914. 

(1) Reasons for the German invasion of Belgium. 

(2) Belgian defense of Liege. August 4-24, and 

its effects. 

(3) Atrocities committed in Belgium and France 

by German troops. 

(4) Retreat of the French and British. 

b. Battle of the Marne, September 5-9, 1914, and its 

results. 

79 



c. Continuance of the German offensive in the North. 

(1) The fall of Antwerp, October 10, 1914. 

(2) Battles near Ypres, October and November, 

1914. 

B. Campaigns in Eastern Europe. 

a. Russian invasion of East Prussia, Aug. 4-Oct. 15, 

and its effects on the West. Russian defeats 

b. Russian invasion of Galicia. The great Galician 

fortress of Przemysl falls, March 22, 1015. 

c. Failure of the Austrian invasion of Serbia. 

d. Second Russian invasion of East Prussia, February, 

1015. German victories in the Alazurian Lake 
region. 

C. Campaigns in the Far East and in the colonies. 

a. Japanese part in the war. The siege and capture of 

Tsing-tau (Sept. 20-Nov. 6, 1014). 

b. Central and South African campaigns. 

c. Turkish campaigns. 

(1) Turkey attacks the Russians at Odessa, Oct. 

20, 1014. 

(2) The Russians begin tlie invasion of Armenia. 

(3) Turkish attempt to invade Egypt (Nov., 

1014-Jan., 1015) defeated. 
( I) The British begin invasion of Mesopotamia 
from the Persian Gulf, Nov., 1014. 

D. Naval warfare, autumn and winter 1914-1915. 

a. The British fleet controls the seas. Importance and 

results. 

b. Adventures of the German raiders, Emden and 

Karlsruhe. 

d. British squadron defeated off the coast of Chili (Nov. 

1, 1014). Destruction of this German squadron in 
battle near the Falkland Islands, Dec. 8, 1914. 

e. Losses of ships by the planting and sowing of mines. 

f. Work of submarines. 
The Second Summer of War (1915). 

A. The great German offensive against Russia, April-October 

1, 1015. Reasons for the Russian retreat. Results. 

B. Trench war along the West Front. Spasmodic offenses 

of the Allies and the Germans. First use of asphyxiating 
gas by the Germans, April 22-May 0. 

C. British attempts to force the Dardanelles and open the way 

to the Black Sea. 

a. Naval attacks, February 7-March 18, 1915. 

b. Landings on the Gallipoli Peninsula, April 21-30 and 

June, 1915. 

80 



c. Extraordinary difficulties of this campaign. Why 

undertaken. Mistakes made at the beginning and 
their effects. 

d. Final withdrawal to Saloniki, January 9, 1916. 

D. The Austro-German-Bulgarian offensive against Serbia, 

Sept. 29-Dec., 1915. 

a. The Austro-German invasion. 

b. Bulgaria enters the war on the German side, Oct. 13. 

.(1) Reasons. (2) Could the Allies have pre- 
vented it? (3) Attitude of Greece. Rea- 
sons. 

c. Utter defeat of the Serbians. The retreat into Albania 

(Nov.-Dec, 1915). 

E. Italy declares war on Austria, May 23, 1915. 

a. Reasons. 

b. The Italian plans. Slight progress in 1915. 

F. Naval warfare, 1915. 

a. German submarine war against merchant ships. 

(1) German proclamation of a war zone around 

British Isles, beginning February 18. 

(2) Great Britain and France announce blockade 

of Germany, March 1, 1915. 

(4) The Lusitania sunk (May 7, 1915). 

(5) The "war of notes." President Wilson pro- 

tests. Germany procrastinates. At last 
Germany (Sept. 1, 1915) agrees not to 
torpedo "liners" without warning. 

b. British submarine activity. 
Campaign of 1916. 

A. The great German attack on Verdun, February-July, 1916. 

B. Great Austrian offensive in the Trentino, May 12-June 16. 

Objects and the plan. Extent of success. 

C. French and British offensive along the Somme Valley, July 

1-December, 1916. 

a. Objects. 

b. Extent of the gains. 

D. The Italians take Gorizia (August 9). 

E. Russian offensive against Austria and Germany, starting 

June 5. 

a. Preparations. What gave the special opportunity? 

b. Sudden break in the Austrian lines south of the Pripet 

Marshes. Russian occupation of Bukowina. 

c. Results. Roumania enters the war. 

F. Balkan campaigns. 

a. Rehabilitation of the Serbian armies in Corfu. Junc- 
tion with the allies at Saloniki. Slight northward 
advance. 

81 



b. Roumania enters the war, August 27, 1916. 

(1) Objects. 

(2) Overwhelming defeat, November and Decem- 

ber; 1916. 

(3) Roumania makes a disastrous separate peace. 

May 7, 1918. 

c. Threatening neutrality of Greece. Influence of King 

Constantine and his German wife. 
G. The British invasion of Mesopotamia (begun Nov., 1914). 
H. Russian successes in the Caucasus, February-April, 1916. 
Russian occupation of most of Armenia. 
4. The Campaigns of 1917. 

A. The Allies plan to attack on all fronts with hosts for the 

first time amply supplied with munitions. 

B. Germany is saved from the great attack. 

a. Voluntary retreat from the Somme Valley to what 

was called the Hindenburg Line. Their terrible 
devastation of the evacuated territory. 

b. The Russian Revolution. 

C. British offensives of 1917. 

a. The attack on Vimy Ridge. 

b. The advance in Flanders. 

c. Advance into Mesopotamia. The capture of Bagdad, 

March 11, 1917. 

d. British advance into Palestine. Capture of Jaffa and 

finally Jerusalem, December 10, 1917. 

e. "The Battle of the Tanks," November. 1917. 

f. Results of the British advances. 

D. French offensives of 1917, especially the capture of the 

Chemin des Dames. 

E. The great Austrian offensive against Italy. 

a. Preparations. 

(1) Propaganda among the Italian soldiers. 

(2) Withdrawal of great forces from the Eastern 

Front owing to the Russian Revolution. 

b. The break through, October 28, 1917. 

c. Forced Italian retreat all along the Northeastern 

line finally stopped only at the Piave River line, 
with British and French help. 

F. German declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare 

brings United States into the war. 

a. German announcement of unrestricted submarine 

warfare, January 31, 1917. 

b. Rupture of diplomatic relations by President Wilson, 

February 3, 1917. Reasons. Previous negotiations. 

c. United States declares war on Germany, April 6, 1917, 

and Austria-Hungary, December 8, 1917. 

d. American preparations for war during 1917. 

82 



e. Importance and influence on the European contestants. 
On South America. 
The campaigns of 1918. 

A. The great German offensives on the Western Front, 

March 21-July 15, 1918. 

a. The Battle of Picardy started by the overwhelming 

surprise attack on the British near St. Quentin, 
March 21, 1918. Rapid German advance. Immi- 
nent danger to the Allies. 

b. Second great offensive in Flanders results in capture 

of Messines Ridge and Kemmel Hill. Germans 
stopped only after large gains, April 16-May 1. 

c. Third great German offensive (May 27- June 1) brings 

them to the Marne River, 43 miles of Paris. 

d. A fourth offensive (June 9-12) makes small gains. 

e. Failure of a great Austrian offensive against Italy, 

June lo-July 5, 1918. Effects. 

f. The last great German offensive is checked with 

American help (July 15). 

B. The great counter-attack of the Allies under Marshal Foch, 

supreme commander-in-chief (July 15-November 11). 

a. Closing out of the Marne salient. Allied victories in 

Picardy and Flanders, August 1918. 

b. The first American offensive. The St. Mihiel Salient 

wiped out, September 12-14. 

c. Allied victories in the Balkans and Palestine, Septem- 

ber, 1918. 

d. Bulgaria makes unconditional surrender, September 30. 

e. The Turks surrender to the Allies, October 30. 

f. Collapse of Austria-Hungary. 

(1) Causes. Allied propaganda and the awaken- 

ing of the oppressed nationalities. Italian 
decisive victories, October 24-November 3, 
1918. 

(2) Terms of the armistice of November 3, 1918. 

(3) Establishment of new states on the ruins of 

the Hapsburg Empire. 

g. Surrender of Germany and the end of the war. 

(1) Terms of the armistice of November 11, 

1918. 

(2) Reasons for the German surrender. 

(3) Overthrow of the Imperial government and 

other German monarchs. 

(4) The German National Assembly sets up a 

Republic, February 11, 1919. 

83 



Reference Readings : — 

The best one volume history of the whole war is C. J. H. Hayes, 
A Brief History of the Great War (MacMillan, 1920). This has 
also an account of the treaties of peace and the general results of 
the war. Pages 431-436 contain an excellent selected bibliography 
of the war. 

A number of detailed histories of the war have appeared in install- 
ments. Of those published in the United States the best are the 
New York Times Current History of the War (monthly) ; F. H. 
Simonds, The Great War (1914, ff.), and G. H. Allen and H. C. 
Whitehead, The Great War (1915, fif.)- Perhaps the best of these 
serial histories published in Great Britain is the (^London) Times 
History of the War (weekly). Reviews of the events of the war 
were published monthly in the Fortnightly Review and other Eng- 
lish reviews. For a list of similar French and German material 
see Hayes, Modern Europe, II, 723. On pages 724-725 Dr. Hayes 
gives a good list of "Aids in Linking Current News with Modern 
History." Another good bibliography of war books is G. M. 
Dutcher, A Selected Critical Bibliography of Publications in Eng- 
lish Relating to the World War, in History Teachers' Magazine, 
March, 1918, pages 155-183 (also reprinted separately by the Mc- 
Kinley Publishing Company, Philadelphia.) 

Special Topics : — 

The following references are by no means complete. They are simply 
a few articles which have happened to attract the compiler's at- 
tention and seem to merit the attention of students. 
Evidence of Atrocities Committed in Belgium and Northern France. 
Current History, vol. 1, 378-391; 1132-1163; Munro, Sellery and 
Krey, German War Practices (U. S. Committee on Public 
Information) ; Bedier, Joseph, German Atrocities from Ger- 
man Evidence (translated by B. Harrison), (Colin, Paris) ; 
E. Lavisse and Ch. Andler, German Theory and Practice of 
War (Colin, Paris) ; Boulger, The Agony of Belgium, in 
Contemporary, vol. Ill, 28-36; Bedier, What the Germans 
Say About Their Oivn Methods, in Current History, vol. 2, 
259-274; C. David, Dinant la Morte, in Contemporary, vol. 
108, 212-219; L. Mirman, The Bitter' Experience of Lorraine, 
in Atlantic, vol. 116, 706-711 ; Kellogg, The Capture of Charle- 
ville, in Atlantic, vol. 122; 289-299. 
Failure of the Allies' Diplomacy in Dealing with the Balkan States 
(Summer, 1915). 

British Diplomacy in the Near East, in Quart. Rev., vol. 225, 164- 
187; Dillon, Greece and Turkey Drifting into War, in Con- 
temporary, vol. 106, 262-280; Pears, The Balkan Question, in 
Contemporary, vol. 109, 1-17; Headlam, The Balkans and 
Diplomacy, in Atlantic, vol. 117, 122-134; Dillon, Bulgaria and 
Entente Diplomacy, in Fortnightly, vol. 97, 755-766; Dillon, 
On the Fringe, in Contemporary, vol. 108, 562-575, 689-705. 

84 



Reasons Why Italy Entered the War on the Side of the Allies. 
Wallace, W. K., Greater Italy, 207-267; Italy and Adriatic, in 
Quart. Rev., vol. 224, 327-343 ; Cippico in Fortnightly, vol. 98, 
296-803; Dillon, Italy's New Birth, in Fortnightly, vol. 98, 
1-15; Zimmern, Antonio Salandra — Italian Premier, in Fort- 
nightly, vol. 98, 70-82; Dillon, Dramatis Personae of the 
Italian Crisis, in Quar. Rev., vol. 224, 248-265 ; Dillon, Italy 
and the Second Phase of the War, in Contemporary, vol. 107, 
715-732, Italy on the Verge, in Contemporary, vol. 107, 429- 
447; Dillon, Italy and the Triple Entente, in Contemporary, 
vol. 109, 18-34; Bagot, The Vatican and the War, in Fort- 
nightly, vol. 97 ; 854-864 ; Murri, Italy, The Vatican, and the 
European War, in Contemporary, vol. 107, 167-176; O. Wil- 
son, Italy's Reasons, in World's Work, vol. 30, 29-35 ; Ferrero, 
Italy and the Adriatic, in Atlantic, vol. 120, 61-68; Jones, 
Italy and the Great War, in History Teachers' Magazine, 
June, 1918, pp. 319-325. 

Italy's Part in the War. 

Barker, in Nineteenth Century^ 83; 301-322; Lowrie, in No. Anier. 
Rev., vol. 205, 63-76 ; Wallace, Greater Italy, 268-301 ; S. Low, 
Italy in the War (Longmans) ; Thomas Nelson Page, Italy 
and the World War (Scribner, 1920). 

The Process of Peaceful Penetration as Practiced by Germans in 
Italy, Russia, Belgium, and France. 
D. J. Hill, A)i Impending Danger to the Republic, in No. Amer. 
Rev., vol. 202, 801-811 ; Gray, Italy i)i the Clutches of Ger- 
many, in Fortnightly, vol. 98, 679-684; Ball, German Methods 
in Italy, in Quart. Rev., vol. 224, 136-149 ; Dillon, Some of 
Russia's Difficulties, in Contemporary, vol. 109, 165-179 ; H. 
Hauser, Economic Germany, "German Industry Considered as 
a Factor Making for War" (translated by P. E. Matheson) 
(Thomas Nelson & Sons, London and N. Y.), especially 
pages 10-23. 

The Lusitania Case. 

Current History, vol. 2, 409-454 ; A Summary of the Subinarine 
Controversy, in No. Amer. Rev., vol. 203, 661-668; and other 
current magazines of 1915-1916. 

Why Roumania Entered the War on the Side of the Allies, August 
27, 1916. 
Gerald Morgan, Roumania loins the Allies, in New Republic, 
vol. 8, 137-138; Washburn, The Tragedy of Roumania, in 
Atlantic, vol. 120, 843-852. 

The Defeat of Roumania. 

The Four Treaties of Bucharest, in Quart. Rev., 230 ; 166-181 ; 
Vivian, The Future of Roumania, in Contemporary, 113 
(June, 1918), 626-633. 

85 



The Financial Situation of the Belligerents. 

J. L. Laughlin, The Credit of the Nations (Scribner) ; Villiers, 
The War and Austro-German Finance, in Contemporary, vol. 
107, 584-592; German Imperial Finance (April, 1909) in Edin. 
Rev., vol. 209, 269-289 ; Jennings, Germany's Financial Out- 
look, in Nineteenth Century, 83, 374-385 ; Turner, The Mineral 
Wealth of the World, in Contemporary, vol, 105, 254-261 ; 
Barker, Coal, Iron and the Domination of the World, in 
Nineteenth Century, 83, 698-714; E. JuUiet, The War and 
French Finance, in No. Amer. Rev., vol. 203, 726-738; The 
Finances of the War, in No. Amer. Rev., vol. 203, 17-20 ; 
Kennedy, Resources of the Belligerents, in Fortnightly, vol. 
99, 503-514. 

Loyalty of the British Colonies toward the British Empire. 

Brown, India's Rally to the Imperial Cause, in Nineteenth Cen- 
tury, \o\. 78, 183-193; Boggs, The Trend zvithin the British Em- 
pire, The British Empire and Closer Union, in Amer. Pol. Sci. 
Rev., vol. 9, 677-695 and vol. 10, 635-653 ; Low, Nationalism in 
the British Empire, in Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev., vol. 10, 223-234; 
A. Yusuf Ali, India's Services in the War, in Contemporary, 
vol. 108, 446-456 ; Porritt, Canada in War Time, in Edin. Rev. 
vol. 222, 186-203 ; Bruce, The Crown Colonies and the War, 
in Edin. Rev., vol. 222, 374-390. 

How the War Has Hurt the Smaller Neutrals. Their Attitude Toward 
the War. 
Geyl, Holland and the War, in Contemporary (March, 1918), 
vol. 113, 288-294; Large, Scandinavian Cross Currents, in 
Atlantic, vol. 121, 128-137. 

Geographical and Geological Factors in the War. 

J. W. Gregory, The Geological Factors Affecting the Strategy of 
the War, in Contemporary, vol. 108, 769-779; D. W. Johnson, 
Topography and Strategy in the War (Holt). 

New Mechanisms for Carrying on the War. 

Zeppelin Airships; Their Record in the War, in Fortnightly, vol 
98, 542-556; Fox, Our Artillery Task in the Present War, in 
Fortnightly, vol. 98, 1 10-119; Wyatt, The Motor Industry 
and the War, in Quart. Rev., vol. 224, 178-192; Kershaw, 
Scientific and Engineering Aspects of the War, in Fortnightly, 
vol. 98, 610-621. 1093-1105; Scientific American (since 1914). 

What the German People Think of the War. 

McLaren, The Mind and Mood of Germany Today (1917), in 
Atlantic, vol. 120, 795-803; Phillips, Auf Wiedersehen Berlin, 
in Atlantic, vol. 120, 524-534, and Decline of the Berliner, in 
Atlantic, vol. 121, 14-22. 

The Blockade of Germany by the Allies. 

Ashley, Germany's Food Suppily, in Quart. Rev., vol. 224, 444-462; 
Low, The Freedom of the Seas, in No. Amer. Rev., vol. 202, 
395-403 ; Piggott, The Neutral Merchant and the Freedom 



of the Seas, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 78, 247-270; Kennedy, 
The Efficacy of the Blockade, in Fortnightly, vol. 99, 872- 
883; W. J. Ashley, Germany and Cotton, in Atlantic, vol. 117, 
110-122. 

Problems of Peace. .Articles Written Before the Armistice. 

W. H. Dawson, Problems of Peace (Scribner) ; S. S. McClure, 
Obstacles to Peace (Houghton, Mifflin) ; Dawson, Germany 
After the War, in Contemporary, vol. Ill, 301-311; Seton- 
Watson, Austria-Hungary and the Federal Solution, in Con- 
temporary, vol. 113, 257-261 ; Buxton, The Entente and the 
Allies of Germany, in Contemporary, vol. 113, 22-28; The 
Prospect in Poland, in Contemporary, vol. Ill, 618-628, 690- 
700; Cheradame, The Fallacy of a German Peace, in Atlantic, 
vol. 120, 663-685; Buxton, Austria-Hungary and the Balkans, 
in Atlantic, vol 121, 370-374; Cheradame, Political Strategy, in 
Atlantic, vol. 121, 387-400, and How to Destroy Pan-Germany, 
in Atlantic, vol. 120, 819-833; McLaren, The German Outlook 
for Parliamentary Government, in Atlantic, May, 1918; 
Cheradame. The United States and Pan-Germanism., in At- 
lantic, vol. 119, 721-731. 

Reasons for American Entrance into the War. 

How the War Came to America (U. S. Committee on Public 
Information) ; The President's Flag Day Address (U. S. 
Committee on Public Information) ; Hobhouse, America 
and the War, in Contemporary, vol. Ill, 273-281 ; Munroe 
Smith, America and the World War, in No. Amer. Rev., vol. 
205, 683-697. See also current magazines of 1917 and fol- 
lowing. 

XVIII. THE PEACE CONFERENCE OF 1919 AND THE 
TREATIES. 

1 The difficulties of making a satisfactory settlement. 

2. Composition of the Peace Conference. 

A. Plenary sessions. 

B. The Supreme Council of Ten. Reasons for secret settle- 

ments by this smaller group. 

C. The Council of Four and finally the Big Three who made 

the treaty with Germany. 

D. After the departure of President Wilson and Mr. Lloyd- 

George, the work carried on by the Heads of the Dele- 
gations or the Conference of Ambassadors. 

E. Services of numerous commissions and committees com- 

posed partly of diplomats and partly of experts. 

3. The Treaty of Versailles (with Germany), signed June 28, 1919. 

A. Negotiations preceding the signing of the treaty. 

87 



B. Terms of the Treaty. 

a. Territorial cessions by Germany on the Continent of 

Europe, both absolute and those dependent upon 
the results of plebiscites. 

b. Cession of all overseas colonies and protectorates. 

Arrangements for their government in the future. 

c. German recognition of the new states. 

d. Military and naval disarmament by Germany. 

e. Reparation for damages done to Allied nationals. 

f. Allied military occupation of German territories. 

g. Formation of an International Labor Conference, 
h. The Covenant of the League of Nations. 

(1) Membership. (2) Administration. (3) Du- 
ties of members. (4) Functions of the 
League as a whole. (5) Probable results. 
The work of the League up to 1P21. 

4. The special treaty of alliance between France, Britain and the 

United States. 

5. Ratifications of the Treaty. Refusal of the United States Senate 

to ratify. Reasons. The senate's reservations. Present status 
(1021). 

6. The Treaty of St. Germain (with ■A.ustria) signed September 10, 

1919. 

7. The Treaty of Neuilly (witli Bulgaria) signed November 27, IHIO. 

8. The Treaty of Paris (with Hungary). 

9. The Treaty of Sevres (with the Ottoman Empire). 

10. Divisions of territory in the Near East. 

11. Treaties between the Great Powers and the new states and be- 

tween the new states. Settlement of boundary lines. Results. 

12. Serious criticisms of the treaty settlements of 1910 and 1920. 

XIX. RESULTS OF THE WAR. EXECUTION OF THE PEACE 
TREATIES. EUROPEAN CONDITIONS AT THE OPENING 
OF 1021. 

1. Enforcement of the Treaty of Versailles. 

A. Negotiations and supplementary agreements especially con- 

cerning the German coal to be delivered to the Allies. 

B. French occupation of German cities east of the Rhine. 

C. The efforts to reach a definite settlement of Germany's total 

debt for reparations, February and March, 1921. 

D. Can Germany pay ? Methods by which payment can be 

made. Is the French insistence upon very heavy repara- 
tion payments by Germany a wise policy? 

E. The plebiscites for the settlement of territorial claims. 

2. Difficulties in enforcing the other treaties. 

A. Helpless poverty of the Austrian Republic. Causes. Prob- 
able outcome. 

88 



B. Dissensions and disturbances in Hungary. 

a. The Communist experiment under Bela Kun. 

b. The Roumanian invasion of Hungary. 

c. The White Terror in Hungary. 

C. The Adriatic problem. Rivalry between Italy and Jugo- 

slavia. D'Annunzio and his expedition. 

D. Division of the former Turkish territories. Results. Re- 

vival of Turkish nationalism. 

E. Bulgarian criticisms of the treaty with Bulgaria. 
Problems of the new states and those greatly enlarged since 1918. 

A. Czecho-Slovakia. 

B. Poland. 

C. Jugo-Slavia. 

D. Roumania. 

E. Greece. 

F. The Baltic States. 

a. Latvia, b.- Esthonia. c. Lithuania, d. Finland. 
The Russian problem. 

A. Difficulties of the .\llied "Cordon Sanitaire" policy toward 

Russia. 

B. Failure of attempts to overthrow the Bolshevist govern- 

ment in Russia. 

C. The Polish war with Russia. 

a. Causes, b. Events, c. The treaty of peace. 

D. Russia's need for imported manufactured goods. Reasons. 

Negotiations for resumption of commercial relations with 
Soviet Russia by various Allied countries. 

E. Extent of success attained by the Bolshevists in carrying 

out Marxian theories in Russia. 
Progress of reconstruction in the devastated countries of Europe. 

Prospects of European recovery. 
The progress of the League of Nations. 

A. European opinions. National differences. 

B. Difficulties of the League. 

C. Its actual work up to date. 

D. Influence of the American refusal to participate. 

E. Prospects. 

New diplomatic arrangements. 

A. Will the Franco-British friendship hold? 

B. French diplomatic moves in East Central Europe. Forma- 

tion of the Little Entente. 

C. New imperialistic rivalries among the great powers. Divi- 

sion of the former German colonies. 
General results of the World War. 

A. Nationalism. Change in the relative importance of states. 

B. Imperialism. 

C. Spread of democracy. Temporary impatience with popu- 

lar government. 



D. Tendency to resort to force to reach settlements. 

E. Socialistic tendencies. 

F. Educational and religious intiuences. 

References : — 

Hayes, Brief History of the Great War, chapter io, gives a good brief 
account of the first year of the reconstruction period. All the 
reviews frequently referred to thus far will prove useful for the 
study of this most recent period. Perhaps the very best of all is 
The Netf Europe, published, till October, 1920, by Eyre and 
Spottiswoode, Ltd., 9 East Harding Street, London, E. C, Eng- 
land. It is a matter for great regret that the publication of this 
most valuable review of European afifairs has been discontinued 
on account of financial difficulties. 

Additional References : — 

Stories of the Working of the Peace Conference. 

Slosson, Constitution of the Feaee Conference, in Pol. Sci. Quart., 
vol. 35, 360-371 ; Fenwick, Organisation and Procedure of the 
Peace Conference, in Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev., vol. 13, 199-212; 
Edw. J. Dillon, Inside Story of the Peace Conference 
(Harper, 1920), reviewed in Pol. Sci. Quart., vol. 35, 473-474; 
Chas. T. Thompson, The Peace Conference Day by Day, 
(Brentano, 1920) ; A. F. Whyte, The Peace Conference (to 
May, 1919), in Contemporary, vol. 115, 481-489; Behind the 
Scenes at Paris, in Nation, vol. 109, 428-434. 

The Terms of the Treaty of Versailles. 

Official Text, in Current Hist., vol. 10, 282-368 ; Fenwick, The 
Peace Treaty with Germany, in A>iier. Pol. Sci. Rev., vol. 13, 
468-483. 

General Discussion of the Treaty. 

Haskins and Lord, Some Problems of the Peace Conference 
(Harvard Univ. Press) ; Marriott, The Treaty of Versailles, 
in Fortnightly, vol. 105, 817-827 and vol. 106, 14-24; W. H. 
Dawson, The Liabilities of the Treaty, in Fortnightly, vol. 
106, 1-13 ; W. A. Phillips, Vienna, Versailles and Washington, 
in Neuf Europe, vol. 14, 193-198 ; A. E. Taylor, Observations 
on the Peace, in Atlantic, vol. 124, 546-553; Baruch, Bernard 
M., The Making of the Reparation and Economic Sections 
of the Treaty, (Harper, 1920) (in part an answer to Keynes' 
work listed below) ; Politicus, The Peace Treaty, in Fort- 
nightly, vol. 106, 174-186. 

Criticisms of the Treaty from the French Point of View. 

Pinon, Territorial Claims of France^ in Atlantic, vol. 123, 398-407; 
Lauzanne, The Tragedy of the Victory, in No. Amer. Rev., 
vol. 211, 721-732; Ersbcrger's Peace Conditions in 1914, in 
New Europe, vol. 11, 261-264. 

90 



Criticisms of 'the Treaty from the German Point of View and in 
General. 
J. M. Keynes, Economic Consequences of the Peace, (Harcourt, 
Brace & Howe, 1920) ; reviewed in Pol. Sci. Quart., vol. 35, 
467-472; Seton-Watson, Can Germany Pay?, in New Europe, 
vol. 13, 363-369; Prince Max of Baden, Wherein the Allies 
Failed, in Nation, vol. 109, 807-809; Sosnosky, An Austrian 
Viezv of the Peace Treaty, in Conteviporary, vol. 118, 39-42; 
Economic Provisions of the Peace Treaty, in New Europe, 
vol. 11, 124-128, 145-147; H. W. Harris, The Revision of the 
Treaty, in Contemp.orary, vol. 117, 487-496; Peace Conditions 
Vicived from Germany, in Nezv Europe, vol. 11, 195-200 ; 
Dawson, The Treaty and the Future, in Fortnightly, vol. 106, 
161-173; Robert Lansing, The Peace Negotiations: a Per- 
sonal Narrative (Houghton, Mifflin Co., 1921). 

The Slesvig Question and Modern Denmark. 

K. Larsen, Settlement of the Sle.svig Question, in Pol. Sci. Quart., 
vol. 34, 568-590 ; Denmark and the Slesvig Plebiscite, in Cur- 
rent Hist., vol. 12, 22-24; Denmark's New Dual Election 
System, in Current Hist., vol. 12, 884-886 ; Glasgow, The 
Easter Crisis in Denmark, m New Europe, vol. 15, 11-16. 

Far Eastern Questions at the Peace Conference. 

China at the Peace Conference, in Nezv Europe, vol. 11, 246-250, 
275-278 ; Young, Japan at the Peace Conference, in Con- 
temporary, vol. 115, 277-288; Chang, China at the Peace Con- 
ference, in Contemporary, vol. 115, 287-294; The Shantung 
Dispute, in Current Hist., vol. 12, 812-814 ; Snow, The 
Shantung Question and Spheres of Influence in Nation, vol. 
109. 409-420 ; Latourette, An Unpopular Viezv of the Shantung 
Question in Atlantic, vol. 124, 708-713. British Policy in the 
Far East, in Nezv Europe, vol. 15, 290-295; Longford, Japan 
— A Great Economic Power (survey of economic develop- 
ment), in Nineteenth Century, vol. 88, 526-539; A Chinese 
Viezv of Shantung, in New Europe, vol. 15, 71-72; Machray, 
China, Japan and the Peace, in Fortnightly, vol. 106, 248-258. 

The League of Nations from the European Point of View. 

General Discussion. 

Chas. Seymour, The League of Nations (Yale Univ. Press, 1919) ; 
Hicks, The Nezv World Order; Wright, Effects of the League 
of Nations, in Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev., vol. 113, 556-576; The 
League's Equipment, in Nezv Europe, vol. 15, 234-238; Firth. 
Pres. Wilson and the League of Nations, in Fortnightly, vol. 
10.^, 553-565. 

Difficulties of the League. 

Blackly and Oatman, Difficulties of World Organization, in PnJ. 
Sci. Quart.. March 1919; D. J. Hill, The Eclipse of Peace, in 
No. Amer. Rev., vol. 211, 165-178; Why the League of Na- 

91 ■ 



tions Languishes, in Fortnightly, vol. 108, 30-37 (favors 
France) ; A. H. E. Taj'lor, League of Nations or Holy Al- 
liance, in New Europe, vol. 12, 30-33; Seignobos, Obstacles 
Faced by the League, in Current Hist., vol. 13, 28-30. 

Defeat of the League and the Treaty in the United States Senate. 
Current History, vol. 11, 381-387 and vol. 12, 26-30; Clergue, Amer- 
ican Opinion on the President and the League, in Nczv Europe, 
vol. 13, 198-200; Sherwood, Americas Attitude Towards the 
League, in New Europe, vol. 12, 174-179. 

Actual Work of the League of Nations. 

Fosdick, The League of Nations Is Alive, in Atlantic, June 1920; 
Glasgow, The League of Nations at Work, in New Europe, 
vol. 14, 136-138; The League at Work, in No. Amer. Rev., vol. 
211, 444-456; What the League Has Done, in Current Hist., 
vol. 12, 568-573; Work of the Council of the League, in Cur- 
rent Hist., vol. 12, 765-772 and vol. 13, 470-474 ; Huddleston, 
The League at Geneva, in Fortnightly, January, 1921 ; H. W. 
Harris, Geneva and After, in Contemporary, vol. 119, 151- 
161 ; Latey, The World Court of Justice, in Contemporary, 
vol. 119, 65-71; Fenwick, Meeting of the League of Nations 
at Geneva (in Nov. 1920), in Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev., vol. 15, 
94-106; Cur. Hist., Jan., 1921, 1-13. 

The Working of the Peace Treaty with Germany. 

H. W. Harris, From Versailles to Spa (good summary of events 
to 1920), in Contemporary, vol. 118, 334-339 ; Huddleston, From 
San Remo to Spa, in Fortnightly (June, 1920), vol. 107, 834- 
842; The Spa Conference, in Current Hist., vol. 12, 765-772; 
J. E. Barker, Will Germany Keep the Peace? Re flections on 
the Spa Meeting, in Fortnightly, August, 1920, vol. 108, 199- 
210; Allied-German Agreement for Allied Occupation of 
French Rhinelands, in Nation, vol. 109, 186-188; The Coal 
Question Betzveen France and Germany, in Contemporary, 
April, 1920; Mineral Wealth of the Sarre Basin, in Current 
Hist., vol. 11, 241-242; W. H. Dawson, Germany and Spa, in 
Contemporary, vol. 118, 1-12. 

The Disposition of the Former German Colonies. 

Harris, The Colonial Mandates, Dangers of Delay, in Nezv 
Europe, vol. 16, 33-38; A. K. Snow, The Disposition of the 
German Colonies, in Nation, vol. 109, 527-530. 

The Treaty of Peace with Austria. 

Te t of the Treaty, in Current Hist., vol. 11, 26-38; Derry, The 
Treaty of Peace with Austria, in Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev., vol. 14, 
126-137 ; Seton-Watson, The Treaty zvith Austria, in New 
Europe, vol. 12, 225-229; Yovanovitch, The Treaty tvith Aus- 
tria, in Balkan Rev., vol. 2. 243-251. 
The Treaty Between the Great Powers and Poland. 
Current Hist., vol. 10, 275-281. 

92 



The Hungarian Treaty. 

Netv Europe, vol. 11, 210-215, and vol. 15, 89-92; Wright, Hun- 
gary's Appeal to England, in Contemporary, vol. 117, 809-816. 

Reconstruction in Belgium. 

Cammaerts, The Present Situation in Belgium, (May 1920), in 
Netv Europe, vol. 15, 80-85 ; The Belgian Elections, in New 
Europe, vol. 13, 204-207 ; Davignon, The Political Situation in 
Belgium, in New Europe, vol. 15, 147-151 ; Price, The Recon- 
struction of Belgium, in Fortnightly, vol. 107, 467-477; Revo- 
lution or Evolution in Belgium, in No. Amej'. Rev., vol. 211. 
600-613 ; Cammaerts, The ReTnsion of the 1839 Treaties, in 
New Europe, vol. 12, 53-57 ; Geyl, Holland, and Belgium, in 
Nezs.' Europe, vol. 12, 112-116; Artom, Recovery of Belgium, 
in Living Age, Nov. 13, 1920. 

Developments in Czecho-Slovakia. 

Kerner, Constitutional Development in Csccho-Slovakia, in Amcr. 
Pol. Set. Rev., vol. 13, 652-656; Constitution of Ccccho-Slova- 
kia, in Current Hist., vol. 12, 727-736 ; The Constitution, in 
New Europe, vol. 15, 61-63, and Contemporary, vol. 118, 412- 
423 and 567-574 ; Broz. Land Reform in Csecho-Slovakia, in 
Netv Europe, vol. 11, 137-139; Ruppeldt, Protestantism in 
Czechoslovakia, in Neiv Europe, vol. 15, 109-114. 

The New States of East Central Europe. 

The Successiojv States of the Hapsburg Monarchy, in Edin. Rev-. 
(July 1920), vol. 232, 30-48; The States of Modern Europe, 
in New Europe, vol. 16, 276-280; Seignobos, Dozunfall of Aris- 
tocracy in Eastern Europe, in Nezv Europe, vol. 12, 25-30. 

Developments in Hungary. 

Savage, Adventures in Bolshevism, in Atlantic, vol. 124, 838-845 ; 
Seton- Watson, The Fall of Bela Kun (Aug. 1919), in New 
Europe, vol. 12, 97-101 ; The Hungarian Revolution, in New 
Europ>e, vol. 11, 6-13, 36-39, 58-63; Behind the Scenes in 
Hungary, in iVrtc Europe, vol. -13, 5-10; Hungarian White 
Terror and the Allies (documents), in Contemporary, vol. 
117, 709-718; Jaszi, The Counter-Revolution in Hungary, in 
New Europe (February 1920), vol. 14, 149-154; The New 
Frontiers of Hungary, in New Europe, vol. 14, 18-22 ; Events 
of the Summer of 1920, in Current Hist., vol. 12, 797-799 ; 875- 
883; Brailsford, Allied Diplomacy in Hungary, in Nation, vol. 
109, 665-667 ; Bagger, The Hungarian White Terror, in Nation, 
vol. 109, 667-670. 

Developments in Jugo-Slavia. 

Jovanvic, The Jugo-Slaz's, in Nezv Europe, vol. 12, 107-111 ; Pri- 
morac, Tlie Future of Jugo-Slavia, in New Europe, vol. 11, 
234-236; A. H. E. Taylor, The Future of the Southern Slavs. 
' 249-319; Taylor. The Future of Montenegro, in Balkan Rev., 
vol. 2, 91-107; Zholger, Concerning the Slovenes, in Balkan 
Rev., vol. 1, 442-451. 

93 



Relations between Italy and Jugo-Slavia : The Adriatic Problem. 

A. H. E. Taylor, The Future of the Southern Slavs, 105-199; Pri- 
morac, The Adriatic Problem and the Jugo-Slav Merchant 
Marine, in New Europe, vol. 16, 196-201 ; Price, The Neiv 
Eastern Question, in Balkan Rev., vol. 1, 407-427; Armstrong, 
Italy in the Balkans, in No. Amer. Rev., vol. 211, 472-482. 
Diplomacy of the New States: The Little Entente. 

Macartney, The Small Entente, in Fortnightly, vol. 108, 672-680; 
Seton-Watson. The Little Entente, in New Europe, vol. 17, 
2-1 f>; and The Psychology of the Succession States, in New 
Europe, vol. 17, 62-64; Magyar Plots Against the New States. 
in Nezv Europe, vol. 17. 299-301 ; Significance of the Little 
Entente, in Current Hist., vol. 13, 353-355 ; Treaty Between 
Czechoslovak Republic and Jugo-Slavia, dated Aug. 14, iQ2o. 
in Contemporary, vol. 119, 123-124, and Cur. Hist., Jan., 
1921, page 73. 
Problems of the Balkans. 
The Turkish Peace Treaty. 

Current Hist., vol. 12, 445-464, 804-812, 716-720, 1077-10^5. vol. 
13, 97-101; vol. 11, 144-148; Woods. The Turkish Treaty, in 
Fortnightly, vol. 108, 57-66; vol. 107, 271-280. 628-638; Of- 
ficial Text of the Treaty of Sevres, in Cur. Hist.. Jan., 1921, 
164-1.S4; Toynbee, in Nezv Europe, vol. 15, 16-18, 136-138; 
vol. 14, 1-5, 129-131. 
The Macedonian Question. 

H. C. Woods, The Macedonian Question, in Fortnightly, vol. 105, 
385-395. 
The Situation in Bulgaria and the Treaty of Peace. 
Anti-Bulgarian. 

Seton-Watson, Bulgaria Before the Conference, in New Europe. 
\ol. 12, 149-155 ; Price, The Bulgarian Treaty and the Rights 
of Small Nations, in Balkan Rev., vol. 2, 217-228; Kerner, 
Austrian Plans for a Balkan Settlement (1915-1916), in Nezc 
Europe, vol. 16, 280^284. 
Pro-Bulgarian. 

Bourchier, Justice and Conciliation in the Balkans, in Contcnipo- 
rary, vol. 115, 145-152; Alsberg, Bulgaria, in Nation, vol. 109. 
563; Bourchier, The Peace Congress and the Balkans, in At- 
lantic, vol. 123, 408-418. 
General Accounts of Bulgaria and the Treaty. 

Current History, vol. 12, 339-341; 578-581; 441-445, 800-804; Vla- 
dimiroflf, Bulgaria's Novel Methods of Reconstruction, in Cur. 
Hist., vol. 13, 217-222 ; Logio, in Nezv Europe, vol. 12, 82-86, 
vol. 16. (53-67. 

Roumania. 

Knight, Peasant Cooperation and Agrarian Reform in Roumania, 
in Pol. .Sci. Quart., vol. 35, 1-29; Pelivan, The Situation in 

94 



Bessarabia, in New Europe, vol. 13, 262-266; Nation, March 
1920; Gibbons, Creation of Greater Roumania, in Century, 
March 1920 ; lorga, Problem of the Danube, in Nezv Europe, 
vol. 16, 230-233; Woolf, Problem of the Danube, in New Eu- 
rope, vol. 14, 85-ltO; H. C. Woods, Roumania After the War, 
in Contemporary, vol. 119, 162-169. 

Revival of Turkish Nationalism. 

Current Hist., vol. 11, 431-435; 144-148; Mandelstam, The Turk- 
ish Spirit, in Neiv Europe, vol. 15, 39-45; Harbord, Mustapha, 
Kemal Pasha, and Tlis Party, in World's Jl'ork, June 1920. 

General Accounts of the Balkan Situation. 

Bourchier, The Peace Congress and the Balkans, in Atlantic, vol. 
123, 408-418, and Contemporary, vol. 117, 25-33 ; Seton-Watson, 
fu-mr Treaties and a Conference (An account of Balkan af- 
fairs in 1920), in Nezv Europe, vol. 15, 30-39; Bryce, Settle- 
ment of the Near East, in Contempiorary, vol. 117, 19. 

Fate of Asia Minor and Former Turkish Lands in Asia. 

Current Plist., vol. 13, 441-445 ; Ramsay, Conditions in Asia Minor 
(1919) in Nczv Europe, vol. 12, 217-225, 247-254, 294-300; 
Tsolainos, The Greek View of Asia Minor, in New Europe, 
vol. 13, 173-178; Machray, The New Middle East, in Fort- 
nightly, vol. 105, 543-552; and The New Middle East in the 
Making, in Fortnightly, vol. 106, 502-513. 

Greece. 

Glasgow, Ex-King Constantino, in New Europe, vol. 16, 226-230, 
258-261 ; The Internal Situation in Greece, in New Europe, 
vol. 15, 199-204; The Question of Thrace, in Nczv Europe, 
vol. 12, 1.34-138; Toynbee, The Revulsion in Greece, in Con- 
temporary, vol. 119, 10-19 ; A'iny Constantine's Defense, in 
Contemporary, vol. 119, 112-115; H. C. Woods, The Greek 
Elections, m' Fortnightly, vol. 109 (Feb., 1921), 295-305; The 
Upset in Greece, in Cur. Hist., Jan., 1921, 59-63. 

Syrian Settlements. 

Urinowski, in Nezv Europe, vol. 15, 256-260, 277-280; De Caix, 
The Question of Syria, in New Europe, vol. 12, 145-149; 169- 
174; Musil, Jezv and Arab in Palestine, in New Europe, vol. 
15, 152-157; 209-212. 

Armenia. 

British Obligations to Armenia, in New Europe, vol. 16, 51-56; 
Sofrastian, Problem of the Nezv Armenia, in Nezv Europe, 
vol. 12, 33-37 ; Armenia Overwhehned by Enemies, in Cur. 
Hist., Jan., 1921, 69-73. 

Mesopotamia. 

Margoliouth, The Caliphate, in Nezv Europe, vol. 14, 294-300; 
Maurice, Our Commitments in Mesoptomia, in New Europe, 

95 



vol. 14, 217-221 ; Bagdad Under British Rule, in Current Hist., 
vol. 11, 148-153; Turkish Rule and British Administration in 
Mesopotamia, in Quarterly Rev., October 1919. 

Ukrania. 

Alountjoy, Ukraine Politics, 1917-1920, in Nezv Europe, vol. 15, 
249-256; Nezv Europe, vol 15, 182-184, 301-308; Bolshevism 
and the Ukraine, in Nezv Europe, vol. 12, 138-139. 

Poland. 

Rose, Poland : Building the Nezv Order, in Nezv Europe, vol. 14, 
256-260 ; Pilsudski and the Nezv Poland, in Nezv Europe, vol. 
13, 397-402; Huddleston, in Fortnightly, February, 1920; 
Richison, Poland, in Current Hist., (July, 1920), vol. 12, 573- 
578, 919-925, vol. 13, 83-90, 233-256, 452-454, vol. 12, 753-758, 
vol. 14, 407-411 ; Russian Land and Polish Men in Nezv Eu- 
rope, vol. 16, 247-252 ; The Russo-Polish Frontier, in New 
Europe, vol. 15, 221-226; The Teschen Settlement, in Nezv 
Europe, vol. 16, 268-272. 

The New Baltic States. 

Machray, The Nezv Baltic States, in Fortnightly, Dec, 1919, 
803-813; 'lupin, German Plans in the Baltic Slates, in 
Nezv Europe, vol. 14, 79-82, 114-116, 187-191; GaiUard, Ger- 
many and the Baltic States, in Nezv Europe, vol. 11, 286-287; 
Current Flist., vol. 11, 82-86; Morrison, The Eastern Baltic, 
in New Europe, vol. 12, 77-82, Latvia, 127-132, 155-159, Es- 
thonia, 200-206, Finland, 270-276; Clark, Elections in Latvia. 
in Nevi) Europe, vol. 16, 28-33; The Esthonian Constitution, in 
Nezv Europe, vol. 16, 104-109; Lithuania's Place .Imong flic 
Nations, in Current Hist., vol. 12, 734-745. 

Finland. 

Political Development in Finland, in Nezv Europe, vol. 14, 180- 
184; Wright, The Revolution in Finland, in Quarterly Rev., 
January, 1910 ; Finland a Republic, in Nation, vol. .109, 220- 
221. 

Esthonia and Latvia. 

Esthonia's Peace Policy, in Nezv Europe, vol. 15, 6-11, Treaty of 
Peace Betzueen Russia and Latvia, 1920, in Contemporary, 
vol. 118, 581-588; The Russo-Esthonian Treaty, in Current 
Hist., vol. 12, 400-407; Russia and the Nezv Baltic States, in 
Current Hist., vol. 12, 457-460. 

Prospects for the Economic Recovery of Europe. 

Warburg, Europe at the Cross Roads, in Pol. Sci. Quart., vol. 35, 
601-620; A. E. Taylor, Credits for Export, in Saturday Eve- 
ning Post, vol. 193, (Feb. 12, 1921) ; T. W. Lament, The 
World Situation, in Atlantic, vol. 124, 420-429; Filene, The 
World Mtx-Up and the Way Out, in Annals, vol. 92, 20-34; 
Clapham, Europe After the Great JVars, iSi6 and ig^o, in 
Economic Journal, vol. 30, 423-435. 

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